226 Prom, Pram, Ferry, Fear, Fare, Fahren, Far, Ferd, Forth, Forward, Fore, czyli śmierć tzw. Proto-Germanic i wszystkiego, co ma związek z tym nigdy nie istniejącym czymś

prom (1.1)

…..

„O English fare, ferry, fahren, itp., napiszę wkrótce.” – Niniejszym robię, jak obiecałem ostatnio.

I żeby nie było to, czy tamto. Od razu zaznaczam, że znam Pra-Słowiańskie źródłosłowy dla słów Port / PoR+T, czy Ford / FoR+D, a także i dla Prom / PR+oM i opiszę je w kolejnych wpisach.

Ostrzegam, że nie wszystkie będą zaczynały się dźwiękiem zapisywanym znakiem P. Będą też i takie, które będą zaczynały się dźwiękiem zapisywanym znakiem B. Nie chciałem teraz dotykać zagadnienia oboczności Pra-Słowiańskich dźwięków B>P lub B=P, ale nie mam wyboru. Mam nadzieję, że te źródłosłowy związane z tymi słowami, uda mi się to zmieścić w jednym tekście.

Zwracam uwagę na to, że dźwięk zapisywany znakiem B, jest wg ofitzjalnego jęsykosnaftzfa starszy i pierwotniejszy od dźwięku zapisywanego znakiem P.

Proszę o odrobinę cierpliwości…

Inne tytuły tego wpisu:

226 Peys, Piasta, Pieścić, Pizda, Pięść, Pięć, Piędź, Pięta, Pętać i inne dowody na pierwotną oboczność Pra-Słowiańskich rdzeni 21

226 Wtórnie ubezdźwięcznione liczebniki indogermańskie i ich wysokoenergetyczne PieRwotne PRa-Słowiańskie rdzenie, PieR+WS”y, PRW, PR 33

…..

Prom / PR+oM

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/prom

prom (język polski)

prom (1.1)

wymowa:: IPA: [prɔ̃m], AS: [prõm], zjawiska fonetyczne: nazal.

znaczenia:

rzeczownik, rodzaj męskorzeczowy

(1.1) statek przewożący pasażerów, samochody i towary i kursujący wahadłowo; zob. też prom w Wikipedii

odmiana:

(1.1)

przypadek	liczba pojedyncza	liczba mnoga
mianownik	prom	promy
dopełniacz	promu	promów
celownik	promowi	promom
biernik	prom	promy
narzędnik	promem	promami
miejscownik	promie	promach
wołacz	promie	promy

przykłady:: (1.1) Na wyspę dowiózł nas prom.

kolokacje:: (1.1) prom morski / rzeczny / pasażerski / towarowy • płynąć / przedostać się promem • być na promie

wyrazy pokrewne:: przym. promowy; rzecz. promowy m

związki frazeologiczne:: prom kosmiczny

tłumaczenia:

angielski: (1.1) ferry, ferry-boat
arabski: (1.1) سفينة عبارة
azerski: (1.1) bərə
baskijski: (1.1) ferry
bułgarski: (1.1) ферибот m
chorwacki: (1.1) trajekt m
czeski: (1.1) trajekt m
duński: (1.1) færge w
esperanto: (1.1) pramo
estoński: (1.1) parvlaev
fiński: (1.1) lautta
francuski: (1.1) ferry m, bac m
hiszpański: (1.1) transbordador m, ferri m
islandzki: (1.1) ferja ż
japoński: (1.1) フェリー (ferii), フェリーボート
jidysz: (1.1) פּראָם ż (prom)
kataloński: (1.1) bac m, transbordador m
luksemburski: (1.1) Fähr ż
łaciński: (1.1) ponto m
maltański: (1.1) lanċa ż
niemiecki: (1.1) Fähre ż, Fährschiff n
norweski (bokmål): (1.1) ferje
nowogrecki: (1.1) φέριμποτ n
rosyjski: (1.1) паром m
słowacki: (1.1) kompa
szwedzki: (1.1) färja w
ukraiński: (1.1) пором m
węgierski: (1.1) komp
włoski: (1.1) traghetto m

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prom#Polish

prom

Polish

Polish Wikipedia has an article on: prom

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pormъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /prɔm/

Noun

prom m inan

ferry
(astronautics) shuttle

prom kosmiczny ― space shuttle

Declension

declension of prom

	singular	plural
nominative	prom	promy
genitive	promu	promów
dative	promowi	promom
accusative	prom	promy
instrumental	promem	promami
locative	promie	promach
vocative	promie	promy

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pormъ

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pórmos, also found in Proto-Germanic *farmaz (“fare; load, cargo”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to cross over”).

Noun

*pormъ m

ferry

Declension

Declension of *pormъ (hard o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*pormъ	*porma	*pormi
Accusative	*pormъ	*porma	*pormy
Genitive	*porma	*pormu	*pormъ
Locative	*pormě	*pormu	*porměxъ
Dative	*pormu	*pormoma	*pormomъ
Instrumental	pormъmь, pormomь^*	*pormoma	*pormy
Vocative	*porme	*porma	*pormi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: поромъ (poromŭ)
  - Belarusian: паро́м (paróm)
  - Russian: поро́м (poróm), паро́м (paróm)
  - Ukrainian: поро́м (poróm)
South Slavic:
- Russian Church Slavonic: прамъ (pramŭ)
- Bulgarian: прам (pram)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  
  Cyrillic: пра̏м
  
  Latin: prȁm
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: *prám
  - Czech: prám
  - → Middle High German: prām
  - → Middle Low German: prām
    - German Low German: Prahm
      - → German: Prahm
    - → Middle Dutch: praem
      - Dutch: praam
        
        → English: praam, pram
        
        → Finnish: proomu
    - → Old Norse: prámr
      - Danish: pram
        
        → Icelandic: prammi
      - Icelandic: prámur
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: pram
      - Swedish: pråm
- Polish: prom
- Slovak: prám
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: prama

References

Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “prom”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, page 483
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “паро́м”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “поро́м”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress

UWAGA!

Tylko postacie z języków polskiego, Old East Slavic, rosyjskiego i ukraińskiego, jak Polish: prom, Old East Slavic: поромъ (poromŭ), Russian: поро́м (poróm), Ukrainian: поро́м (poróm), zachowały ofitzjalnie odtfoszony dźwięk zapisany znakiem o!

Wszystkie inne, w tym i te zapożyczone do języków germańskich z gwar słowiańskich, utraciły ten pierwotny dźwięk i zgodnie z tzw. prawem Brugmanna zniekształciły go w dźwięk zapisywany znakiem a!

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/p%C3%B3rmos&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Indo-European/pórmos.

…..

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/pram

pram (język angielski)

pram (1.1)

pram (1.2)

wymowa:: wymowa australijska ^?/i

znaczenia:

rzeczownik

(1.1) bryt. pot. wózek dziecięcy

(1.2) prom^[1]

synonimy:: (1.1) amer. baby carriage

etymologia:: (1.1) skrót od ang. perambulator

źródła:

↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pram

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pram#Middle_High_German

pram

English

English Wikipedia has articles on: Pram

Etymology 1

Clipping of perambulator

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) enPR: prăm, IPA^(key): /pɹæm/
Rhymes: -æm

Noun

a pram

pram (plural prams)

(Britain, Australia, New Zealand) A small vehicle, usually covered, in which a newborn baby is pushed around in a lying position; a perambulator.

Synonyms

(US) baby carriage

Coordinate terms

(vehicle in which an infant or toddler is pushed in sitting position): baby buggy, pushchair, pusher, stroller

Etymology 2

From Dutch praam (“a flat-bottomed boat”), from Middle Dutch praem, from Middle Low German prām, **from Old Czech prám, from Proto-Slavic pormъ.**

English Wikipedia has an article on: Pram (ship)

The Optimist, a typical modern pram used to train children to sail.

Alternative forms

praam, prahm

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) enPR: präm, IPA^(key): /pɹɑːm/
Rhymes: -ɑːm

Noun

pram (plural prams)

(nautical, historical) A flat-bottomed barge used on shallow shores to convey cargo to and from ships that cannot enter the harbour.
(nautical, historical) A similar barge used as platform for cannons in shallow waters which seagoing warships cannot enter.
A type of dinghy with a flat bow.

Anagrams

MRAP, parm, ramp

Norwegian Nynorsk

Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on: pram

Etymology

From Old Norse prámr, from Middle Low German prām, from Old Czech *prám, from Proto-Slavic *pormъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /prɑmː/

Noun

pram m (definite singular prammen, indefinite plural prammar, definite plural prammane)

a rowboat without a keel, a pram
a barge

References

“pram” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *pormъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /prâm/
Hyphenation: pram

Noun

prȁm m (Cyrillic spelling пра̏м)

(historical, seafaring) ferry

Declension

Declension of pram

	singular	plural
nominative	pram	pramovi
genitive	prama	pramova
dative	pramu	pramovima
accusative	pram	pramove
vocative	prame	pramovi
locative	pramu	pramovima
instrumental	pramom	pramovima

Etymology 2

From prȁmēn.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /prâːm/

Noun

prȃm m (Cyrillic spelling пра̑м)

lock, tuft

Declension

Declension of pram

	singular	plural
nominative	pram	prami
genitive	prama	prama
dative	pramu	pramima
accusative	pram	prame
vocative	prame	prami
locative	pramu	pramima
instrumental	pramom	pramima

References

“pram” in Hrvatski jezični portal
“pram” in Hrvatski jezični portal

UWAGA!

O słowie prȁmēn , itp., napiszę oddzielny wpis.

…..

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferry

ferry (język angielski)

ferry (1.1)

wymowa:

bryt. IPA: /ˈfɛri/

wymowa amerykańska ^?/i

homofon: fairy

znaczenia:

rzeczownik

(1.1) żegl. prom

czasownik

(2.1) przewozić promem

odmiana:: (1.1) lp ferry; lm ferries

przykłady:: (1.1) There are many ferries on a regular schedule between UK and Europe. → Między Wielką Brytanią a Europą jest wiele regularnych połączeń promami.

kolokacje:: (1.1) ferryman • ferryboat

synonimy:

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferry

ferry

English

Etymology

From Middle English ferien (“to carry, convey, convey in a boat”), from Old English ferian (“to carry, convey, bear, bring, lead, conduct, betake oneself to, be versed in, depart, go”), from Proto-Germanic *farjaną (“to make or let go, transfer, ferry”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to bring or carry over, transfer, pass through”). Cognate with German dialectal feren, fähren (“to row, sail”), Danish færge (“to ferry”), Swedish färja (“to ferry”), Icelandic ferja (“to ferry”). Related to fare.

Pronunciation

(General American, Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈfɛɹi/
(Northern England) IPA^(key): /ˈfɛɹɪ/
(Mary–marry–merry distinction)
(Mary–marry–merry merger)
Rhymes: -ɛɹi
- Homophone: fairy (Mary–marry–merry merger)
Hyphenation: fer‧ry

Verb

ferry (third-person singular simple present ferries, present participle ferrying, simple past and past participle ferried)

(transitive) To carry; transport; convey.

Trucks plowed through the water to ferry flood victims to safety.
(transitive) To move someone or something from one place to another, usually repeatedly.

Being a good waiter takes more than the ability to ferry plates of food around a restaurant.
(transitive) To carry or transport over a contracted body of water, as a river or strait, in a boat or other floating conveyance plying between opposite shores.
(intransitive) To pass over water in a boat or by ferry.

Noun

The Staten Island Ferry

ferry (plural ferries)

A ship used to transport people, smaller vehicles and goods from one port to another, usually on a regular schedule.
A place where passengers are transported across water in such a ship.
The legal right or franchise that entitles a corporate body or an individual to operate such a service.

(Can we add an example for this sense?)

Anagrams

Freyr, Fryer, fryer, refry

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farjan%C4%85

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farjaną

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably the causative-iterative to the lost strong verb *feraną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*farjaną

to take somewhere, to carry, to ferry

Inflection

Conjugation of *farjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*farjō	*farjaų	—	*farjai	*?
2nd singular	*farisi	*farjais	*fari	*farjasai	*farjaisau
3rd singular	*fariþi	*farjai	*farjaþau	*farjaþai	*farjaiþau
1st dual	*farjōs	*farjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*farjaþiz	*farjaiþiz	*farjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*farjamaz	*farjaim	—	*farjanþai	*farjainþau
2nd plural	*fariþ	*farjaiþ	*fariþ	*farjanþai	*farjainþau
3rd plural	*farjanþi	*farjain	*farjanþau	*farjanþai	*farjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*faridǭ	*faridēdį̄
2nd singular	*faridēz	*faridēdīz
3rd singular	*faridē	*faridēdī
1st dual	*faridēdū	*faridēdīw
2nd dual	*faridēdudiz	*faridēdīdiz
1st plural	*faridēdum	*faridēdīm
2nd plural	*faridēdud	*faridēdīd
3rd plural	*faridēdun	*faridēdīn

	present	past
participles	*farjandz	*faridaz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Old English: ferian
- Middle English: ferien
  - Scots: fery, ferry
  - English: ferry
Old Frisian: feria
Old Saxon: ferian
- (Middle Low German: varen)
Old Dutch: *ferien
- (Middle Dutch: fere (noun))
Old High German: ferian, ferren
- Middle High German: verren, vern
Old Norse: ferja (pret. farði, also later ferjaði, which may be a denominal into which this verb merged; descendants all have the latter conjugation)
- Icelandic: ferja
- Faroese: ferja
- Swedish: färja
- Danish: færge
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (farjan)

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD#Gothic

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *farjaną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈfarjan/

Verb

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (farjan)

to sail, row

Conjugation

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 farjan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 farja	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 farida	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 farjada
2nd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 farjis	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 faridēs	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 farjaza
3rd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌸 farjiþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 farida	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 farjada
1st dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 farjōs	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 faridēdu	—
2nd dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 farjats	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 faridēduts	—
1st plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼 farjam	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 faridēdum	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 farjanda
2nd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌸 farjiþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 faridēduþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 farjanda
3rd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 farjand	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 faridēdun	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 farjanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿 farjau	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 faridēdjau	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjaidau
2nd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 farjais	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 faridēdeis	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 farjaizau
3rd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹 farjai	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 faridēdi	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjaidau
1st dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 farjaiwa	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 faridēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 farjaits	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 faridēdeits	—
1st plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 farjaima	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 faridēdeima	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjaindau
2nd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 farjaiþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 faridēdeiþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjaindau
3rd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 farjaina	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 faridēdeina	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 farei
3rd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjadau
2nd dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 farjats
2nd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌸 farjiþ
3rd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 farjandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 farjands	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃 fariþs

Derived terms

𐌰𐍄𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (atfarjan)

Related terms

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran)

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *faraną, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈfaran/

Verb

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 • (faran)

to go, to travel

Conjugation

Class 6 strong
Infinitive	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 faran
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰 fara	𐍆𐍉𐍂 for	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰 farada
2nd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 faris	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄 fort	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌰 faraza
3rd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 fariþ	𐍆𐍉𐍂 for	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰 farada
1st dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 farōs	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌿 foru	—
2nd dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍃 farats	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍃 foruts	—
1st plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼 faram	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌼 forum	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 faranda
2nd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 fariþ	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌸 foruþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 faranda
3rd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 farand	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽 forun	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 faranda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿 farau	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿 forjau	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 faraidau
2nd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃 farais	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 foreis	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 faraizau
3rd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 farai	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌹 fori	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 faraidau
1st dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 faraiwa	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 foreiwa	—
2nd dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 faraits	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 foreits	—
1st plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 faraima	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 foreima	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 faraindau
2nd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸 faraiþ	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌸 foreiþ	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 faraindau
3rd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 faraina	𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 foreina	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 faraindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂 far
3rd singular	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 faradau
2nd dual	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍃 farats
2nd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 fariþ
3rd plural	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 farandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 farands	𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 farans

Related terms

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (farjan)

UWAGA!

Specjalnie pokazuję te postacie z języka gockiego żeby udowodnić, że także i ten najstarszy z „atestowanych”, czyli zapisanych języków germańskich był/jest również tak samo zniekształcony przez wtórne ubezdźwięcznienia, jak wszystkie inne języki germańskie.

Zwracam też uwagę na coś, co ofitzjalnie nazywane jest Pre-Germanic, co nie jest wtórnie zniekształcone, patrz dalej:

From Pre-Germanic *poro-, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Related to Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, “means of passing a river, ford, ferry”).

A ti-stem derived from *faraną (“to go, travel”), representing Pre-Germanic *portís.

Jak myślicie, czym to coś nazwane Pre-Germanic mogło być, hm? No nie wiem, nie wiem… 😉

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/faran%C4%85

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/faraną

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“going, passage”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑ.rɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*faraną

to go, to travel

Inflection

Conjugation of *faraną (strong class 6)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*farō	*faraų	—	*farai	*?
2nd singular	*farizi	*faraiz	*far	*farazai	*faraizau
3rd singular	*faridi	*farai	*faradau	*faradai	*faraidau
1st dual	*farōz	*faraiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*faradiz	*faraidiz	*faradiz	—	—
1st plural	*faramaz	*faraim	—	*farandai	*faraindau
2nd plural	*farid	*faraid	*farid	*farandai	*faraindau
3rd plural	*farandi	*farain	*farandau	*farandai	*faraindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fōr	*fōrį̄
2nd singular	*fōrt	*fōrīz
3rd singular	*fōr	*fōrī
1st dual	*fōrū	*fōrīw
2nd dual	*fōrudiz	*fōrīdiz
1st plural	*fōrum	*fōrīm
2nd plural	*fōrud	*fōrīd
3rd plural	*fōrun	*fōrīn

	present	past
participles	*farandz	*faranaz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Old English: faran, fearan, fara, færan, færa, feran
- Middle English: faren
  - English: fare
  - Scots: fare, fair
Old Frisian: fara
- Saterland Frisian: foare
- West Frisian: farre
Old Saxon: faran
- Middle Low German: vāren
  - German Low German: fahren
Old Dutch: faran
- Middle Dutch: vāren
  - Dutch: varen
  - Limburgish: vare
Old High German: faran
- Middle High German: varen, varn
  - Alemannic German: faare, fare
  - Central Franconian:
    
    Hunsrik: faare
  - German: fahren
  - Luxembourgish: fueren
  - Yiddish: פֿאָרן‎ (forn)
Old Norse: fara
- Icelandic: fara
- Faroese: fara
- Norwegian: fare, fara
- Old Swedish: fara
  - Swedish: fara
- Danish: fare
- Westrobothnian: fera, fära, fɑra, fara, fåra
- Elfdalian: fårå
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran)

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/far%C4%85

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farą

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *poro-, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Related to Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, “means of passing a river, ford, ferry”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑ.rɑ̃/

Noun

*farą n

a means of passing, ford, ferry

Inflection

Declension of *farą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*farą	*farō
vocative	*farą	*farō
accusative	*farą	*farō
genitive	faras, faris	*farǫ̂
dative	*farai	*faramaz
instrumental	*farō	*faramiz

Derived terms

*farjaną

Descendants

Old English: fær
Old High German: var, far
Old Norse: far
- Icelandic: far
- Faroese: far
- Norn: far
- Old Swedish: far

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/far%C5%8D

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farō

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Derived from *faraną (“to go, travel”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑ.rɔː/

Noun

*farō f

a going, journey, trip

Inflection

Declension of *farō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*farō	*farôz
vocative	*farō	*farôz
accusative	*farǭ	*farōz
genitive	*farōz	*farǫ̂
dative	*farōi	*farōmaz
instrumental	*farō	*farōmiz

Descendants

West Germanic: *faru
- Old English: faru
  - Middle English: fare
    - English: fare
- Old High German: fara
  - Middle High German: var
    - German: Fahr
Old Norse: fǫr
- Icelandic: för
- Old Swedish: far
→ Samic: *fārō

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/f%C4%93riz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fēriz

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Long-grade verbal adjective of Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth”), possibly implying a lost strong verb *feraną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɛː.riz/

Adjective

*fēriz

crossing, able to cross

Inflection

Declension of *fēriz (i-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*fēriz	*fērijai	*fērī	*fērijôz	fērį, -jatō	*fērijō
accusative	*fērijanǭ	*fērijanz	*fērijǭ	*fērijōz	fērį, -jatō	*fērijō
genitive	fērijas, fērīs	*fērijaizǫ̂	*fērijaizōz	*fērijaizǫ̂	fērijas, fērīs	*fērijaizǫ̂
dative	*fērijammai	*fērijaimaz	*fērijaizōi	*fērijaimaz	*fērijammai	*fērijaimaz
instrumental	*fērijanō	*fērijaimiz	*fērijaizō	*fērijaimiz	*fērijanō	*fērijaimiz

weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*fērijô	*fērijaniz	*fērijǭ	*fērijōniz	*fērijô	*fērijōnō
accusative	*fērijanų	*fērijanunz	*fērijōnų	*fērijōnunz	*fērijô	*fērijōnō
genitive	*fērīniz	*fērijanǫ̂	*fērijōniz	*fērijōnǫ̂	*fērīniz	*fērijanǫ̂
dative	*fērīni	*fērijammaz	*fērijōni	*fērijōmaz	*fērīni	*fērijammaz
instrumental	*fērīnē	*fērijammiz	*fērijōnē	*fērijōmiz	*fērīnē	*fērijammiz

Related terms

*furdiz, *gafurdiz

Descendants

Old English: *fǣre; langfǣre, langfēre
Old High German: *fāri; langfāri, lancfāri

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farj%C7%AD

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farjǭ

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Derived from *farjaną (“to ferry, travel by boat”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑr.jɔ̃ː/

Noun

*farjǭ f

ferry

Inflection


	singular	plural
nominative	*farjǭ	*farjōniz
vocative	*farjǭ	*farjōniz
accusative	*farjōnų	*farjōnunz
genitive	*farjōniz	*farjōnǫ̂
dative	*farjōni	*farjōmaz
instrumental	*farjōnē	*farjōmiz

Derived terms

*farjōną

Descendants

Middle Low German: vere
Middle Dutch: vere
- Dutch: veer
Old High German: *fera
- Middle High German: vere
  - German: Fähre
  - Luxembourgish: Fuer
Old Norse: ferja
- Icelandic: ferja
- Faroese: ferja
- Norwegian: ferje
- Old Swedish: færia
  - Swedish: färja

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fare#English

fare

English

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /fɛə(ɹ)/
(General American, Mary–marry–merry distinction) IPA^(key): /feɚ/
(General American, Mary–marry–merry merger) IPA^(key): /fɛɹ/
Rhymes: -ɛə(r)
Homophone: fair

Etymology 1

From Middle English fare, from the merger of Old English fær (“journey, road”) and faru (“journey, companions, baggage”), from Proto-Germanic *farą and *farō (“journey, fare”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“a going, passage”).

Noun

fare (countable and uncountable, plural fares)

(obsolete) A going; journey; travel; voyage; course; passage.
(countable) Money paid for a transport ticket.
(countable) A paying passenger, especially in a taxi.
(uncountable) Food and drink.
(uncountable) Supplies for consumption or pleasure.
(countable, Britain, crime, slang) A prostitute‚s client.

Synonyms

(journey): see Thesaurus:journey
(prostitute’s client): see Thesaurus:prostitute’s client

References

“fare” in Eric Partridge; Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor, editors, The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Abingdon, Oxon.; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2007, →ISBN.

Etymology 2

From Middle English faren, from Old English faran (“to travel, journey”), from Proto-Germanic *faraną, from Proto-Indo-European *por- (“a going, passage”). Cognate with West Frisian farre, Dutch varen (“to sail”), German fahren (“to travel”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål fare, Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic fara (“to go”) and Swedish fara (“to travel”).

Verb

fare (third-person singular simple present fares, present participle faring, simple past fared or (archaic) fore, past participle fared or (rare) faren)

(intransitive, archaic) To go, travel.

Behold! A knight fares forth.
(intransitive) To get along, succeed (well or badly); to be in any state, or pass through any experience, good or bad; to be attended with any circumstances or train of events.
(intransitive, archaic) To eat, dine.
(intransitive, impersonal) To happen well, or ill.

We shall see how it will fare with him.
(intransitive) To move along; proceed; progress; advance

We will continue to monitor how the hurricane fares against projected models.

Anagrams

FERA, Fear, Fera, Rafe, fear, reaf

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fahren#German

fahren

German

Etymology

From Middle High German [Term?], from Old High German faran, from Proto-Germanic *faraną. Cognate with Dutch varen, English fare, Danish fare.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈfaːʁən/ (standard)
IPA^(key): /faːn/ (colloquial, particularly northern and central Germany)

Verb

fahren (class 6 strong, third-person singular simple present fährt, past tense fuhr, past participle gefahren, past subjunctive führe, auxiliary haben or sein)

(intransitive, of a person) to go (by vehicle); to sail; to travel

Wir fahren diesen Sommer nach Holland.

We’re going to Holland this summer. [Implying a trip by car, bike, train, or ship.]
(intransitive, of a person) to leave (by vehicle)

Wir fahren jetzt. ― We’re leaving now.
(intransitive, of a vehicle) to go; to run; to drive; to sail

Autos können schneller fahren als Fahrräder.

Cars can go faster than bikes.
(intransitive, of a vehicle) to leave; to depart

Beeil dich! Der Zug fährt jetzt gleich.

Hurry up! The train is departing in a moment.
(transitive or intransitive) to drive; to ride; to sail (a vehicle)

Sie fährt einen roten Wagen. ― She drives a red car.

Er fährt wie ein Bekloppter. ― He drives like a maniac.
(transitive) to take (someone somewhere by vehicle); to drive; to transport

Ich fahre dich zum Bahnhof.

I’ll take you to the train station.

Usage notes

In intransitive uses, the perfect auxiliary is always sein: Wir sind diesen Sommer nach Holland gefahren.
In transitive uses, the perfect auxiliary ought to be haben according to standard grammar: Sie hat einen roten Wagen gefahren. However, sein is also used, chiefly in (colloquial) speech: Sie ist einen roten Wagen gefahren.

Related terms

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ferrai

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *per-nóy (locative), from *per- (“to cross, pass”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɸer.rɑi̯/

Adverb

*ferrai

far, distant

Derived terms

Descendants

Some of the West Germanic languages seem to have formed a variant with the adverbial ending *-ô.

Old English: feorr, feor
- Middle English: fer, feor, for, fur, feer, ver, veir, far
  - English: far
  - Scots: faur
Old Frisian: fir, fer
Old Saxon: fer, ferr, ferro (< *ferrô)
- Middle Low German: verre
Old Dutch: ferro (< *ferrô)
- Middle Dutch: verre
  - Dutch: ver
    - Afrikaans: ver
Old High German: ferro (< *ferrô)
- Middle High German: verre
  - Cimbrian: bèrre
Old Norse: fjarri
- Icelandic: fjarri
- Faroese: fjarri
- Old Swedish: fiærre
  - Swedish: fjärr-
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/far

far

English

(archaic or dated, Scotland, Northern England) Distant; remote in space.

He went to a far land.
Remote in time.
Long. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
More remote or longer of two.

He moved to the far end of the state. She remained at this end.
Extreme, as measured from some central position.

We are on the far right on this issue.
Widely different in nature or quality; opposite in character.
(computing, not comparable) Outside the currently selected segment in a segmented memory architecture.

far heap; far memory; far pointer

Synonyms

(remote in space): distant, far; see also Thesaurus:distant

Antonyms

(remote in space): close, near; see also Thesaurus:near

Derived terms

Related terms

References

The Dictionary of the Scots Language

Adverb

far (comparative farther or further, superlative farthest or furthest)

Distant in space, time or degree.

My house is quite far from the beach. The plan is good, but it is far from being flawless.
To or from a great distance, time, or degree.

You have all come far and you will go farther.
(with a comparative) Very much.

He was far richer than we’d thought.

Etymology 2

From Latin far. Doublet of farro.

Noun

far (uncountable)

Spelt (a type of wheat, Triticum spelta), especially in the context of Roman use of it.

Etymology 3

Noun

far (plural fars)

(Britain, dialect) A litter of piglets; a farrow.

Anagrams

‚arf, AFR, AFr., ARF, Afr., Fra, RAF, RFA, arf, fra

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https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/por-&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Indo-European/por-.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%89#Ancient_Greek

πείρω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Old Armenian հերիւն (heriwn), Old Church Slavonic на-перѫ (na-perǫ, “pierce”), Sanskrit पिपर्ति (piparti, “to bring over to, deliver”), Old English faru (English fare), and Albanian shpie.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pěː.rɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpi.ro/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpi.ro/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpi.ro/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpi.ro

Verb

πείρω • (peírō)

I pierce, run through
(figuratively) I cleave through

Inflection

Present: πείρω, πείρομαι

Imperfect: ἔπειρον, ἐπειρόμην

Aorist: ἔπειρᾰ, ἐπειρᾰ́μην, ἐπᾰ́ρην

Aorist: πεῖρᾰ, πειρᾰ́μην (Epic)

Perfect: πέπᾰρμαι

Derived terms

ἀνᾰπείρω (anapeírō)
ἀποπείρω (apopeírō)
δῐᾰπείρω (diapeírō)
ἐμπείρω (empeírō)

κᾰτᾰπείρω (katapeírō)
μετᾰπείρω (metapeírō)
περιπείρω (peripeírō)
σῠμπείρω (sumpeírō)

Related terms

περόνη (perónē)
πορθμός (porthmós)
πόρος (póros)
πόρπη (pórpē)
πρίων (príōn)

References

πείρω in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
πείρω in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
πείρω in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
πείρω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
πείρω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek

πόρος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Related to πείρω (peírō, “to pierce, to run through”) or περάω (peráō, “to drive right through”), from πέρα (péra). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pó.ros/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpo.ros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpo.ros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpo.ros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpo.ros/

Noun

πόρος • (póros) m (genitive πόρου); second declension

a means of passage, passage-way, way, opening
especially passage over a body of water: ford, strait, ferry, bridge
a means to an end
(biology) fiber, filament, thread
journey

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ πόρος; τοῦ πόρου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ πόρος ho póros	τὼ πόρω tṑ pórō	οἱ πόροι hoi póroi
Genitive	τοῦ πόρου toû pórou	τοῖν πόροιν toîn póroin	τῶν πόρων tôn pórōn
Dative	τῷ πόρῳ tôi pórōi	πόροιν póroin	τοῖς πόροις toîs pórois
Accusative	τὸν πόρον tòn póron	πόρω pórō	τοὺς πόρους toùs pórous
Vocative	πόρε póre	πόρω pórō	πόροι póroi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἄπορος (áporos)
δύσπορος (dúsporos)
ἔμπορος (émporos)
εὔπορος (eúporos)
εὐρύπορος (eurúporos)

Descendants

Greek: πόρος (póros)
Tsakonian: πόρε (“door”)

πορθμός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to carry forth”), the same root of πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”), πόρος (póros, “means of passage”), Latin portus (“harbour, port”) and Proto-Germanic *fardiz (“journey”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /portʰ.mós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /portʰˈmos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /porθˈmos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /porθˈmos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /porθˈmos/

Noun

πορθμός • (porthmós) m (genitive πορθμοῦ); second declension

strait, narrow sea, place crossed by a ferry
(in general) sea
tube, any narrow passage
crossing by a ferry, passage

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ πορθμός; τοῦ πορθμοῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ πορθμός ho porthmós	τὼ πορθμώ tṑ porthmṓ	οἱ πορθμοί hoi porthmoí
Genitive	τοῦ πορθμοῦ toû porthmoû	τοῖν πορθμοῖν toîn porthmoîn	τῶν πορθμῶν tôn porthmôn
Dative	τῷ πορθμῷ tôi porthmôi	πορθμοῖν porthmoîn	τοῖς πορθμοῖς toîs porthmoîs
Accusative	τὸν πορθμόν tòn porthmón	πορθμώ porthmṓ	τοὺς πορθμούς toùs porthmoús
Vocative	πορθμέ porthmé	πορθμώ porthmṓ	πορθμοί porthmoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ποπθμεύω (popthmeúō)
πορθμεία (porthmeía)
πορθμεῖον (porthmeîon)
πόρθμευμα (pórthmeuma)
πορθμεύς (porthmeús)
πορθμευτής (porthmeutḗs)
πορθμευτικός (porthmeutikós)
πορθμήϊον (porthmḗïon)
πορθμικός (porthmikós)
πόρθμιον (pórthmion)
πόρθμιος (pórthmios)
πορθμίς (porthmís)
πορθμοφυλακία (porthmophulakía)

Descendants

Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)

References

πορθμός in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
πορθμός in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
πορθμός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%89#Ancient_Greek

περάω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From πέρα (péra, “beyond”). Cognate to Albanian prura.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pe.rá.ɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /pɛˈra.o/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /peˈra.o/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /peˈra.o/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /peˈra.o/

Verb

περᾰ́ω • (peráō)

to go from one side to another
to pass through over or traverse, cross, esp. over water
(intransitive) to penetrate or pierce (of a pointed weapon)

Conjugation

Present: περᾰ́ω, περᾰ́ομαι (Uncontracted)

Present: περῶ, περῶμαι (Contracted)

Imperfect: ἐπέρᾰον, ἐπερᾰόμην (Uncontracted)

Imperfect: ἐπέρων, ἐπερώμην (Contracted)

Future: περήσω, περήσομαι, περηθήσομαι

Aorist: ἐπέρησᾰ, ἐπερησᾰ́μην, ἐπερήθην

Perfect: πεπέρηκᾰ, πεπέρημαι

Pluperfect: ἐπεπερήκειν, ἐπεπερήμην

Derived terms

πιπράσκω (pipráskō)

Descendants

Koine Greek: περνῶ (pernô)
- Greek: περνώ (pernó)

References

περάω in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek

πέρα

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Adverb

πέρα • (péra)

beyond

Derived terms

περάω (peráō)

Descendants

Greek: πέρα (péra)

References

πέρα in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
πέρα in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
πέρα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%AB&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have an entry for на-перѫ.

…..

Tu dla porównania: Na Przód / Na PR”+o’D, Naprzeć / Na+PR”+eC’, Napierać / Na+PieR+aC’…

https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/napiera%C4%87.html

https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/napierac;2486711.html

https://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/naprzec;2486858.html

Pisałem już o tym np. tu:

https://skrbh.wordpress.com/2019/08/22/196-wtornie-ubezdzwiecznione-liczebniki-indogermanskie-i-ich-wysokoenergetyczne-pierwotne-pra-slowianskie-rdzenie-pierwsy-prw-pr-07/

https://skrbh.wordpress.com/2019/09/07/199-proso-prosic-frasa-rheg-harsn-frehnana-pstry-barwy-jako-dowody-na-pierwotnosc-i-pierwszenstwo-postaci-slow-opartych-na-pra-slowianskim-rdzeniu-pr/

https://skrbh.wordpress.com/2019/09/20/201-prosie-przec-pchac-pszenica-piasta-i-inne-dowody-na-pierwotna-obocznosc-pra-slowianskich-rdzeni-01/

https://skrbh.wordpress.com/2019/07/02/191-wtornie-ubezdzwiecznione-liczebniki-indogermanskie-i-ich-wyzej-energetyczne-pierwotne-pra-slowianskie-rdzenie-pierwsy-prw-pr-02/

O Przodzie / PR”+oDzie chyba jeszcze nie zdążyłem napisać. Wiem, że gdzieś to mam przygotowane, jeśli nie opublikowane… Dziwne.

Tymczasem trochę więcej innych wtórnie ubezdźwięcznionych postaci germańskich słów…

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fardiz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fardiz

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

A ti-stem derived from faraną (“to go, travel”), representing Pre-Germanic portís.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑr.ðiz/

Noun

*fardiz f

a journey, voyage

Inflection

Declension of *fardiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*fardiz	*fardīz
vocative	*fardi	*fardīz
accusative	*fardį	*fardinz
genitive	*fardīz	*fardijǫ̂
dative	*fardī	*fardimaz
instrumental	*fardī	*fardimiz

Descendants

Old English: ferd, feord, fierd, fyrd
- Middle English: ferd, verd, færd, værde, varde
  - English: ferd
  - Scots: ferd, fard, faird
- → English: fyrd
Old Frisian: ferd
Old Saxon: fard
- Middle Low German: vart
  - → Danish: fart
    - → Icelandic: fart
    - → Faroese: fart
  - → Swedish: fart
Old Dutch: farth, fard
- Middle Dutch: vart, vaert
  - Dutch: vaart
  - → West Frisian: feart
  - → Walloon: vårt
Old High German: fart, vart
- Middle High German: fart
  - German: Fahrt, Fährte
    - → Saterland Frisian: Foart
    - → Danish: fært
  - Luxembourgish: Faart
Old Norse: ferð
- Icelandic: ferð
- Faroese: ferð
- Norwegian: ferd
- Old Swedish: færþ
  - Swedish: färd
- Old Danish: færth
  - Danish: færd
- Westrobothnian: fäl

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
“fart”, “færd”, “fært” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferd#English

ferd

English

Pronunciation

Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)d

Etymology 1

From Middle English ferde, feord, furd, from Old English fierd (“army”), from Proto-Germanic *fardiz (“journey, expedition”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to put across, ferry”). Cognate with Old Frisian ferd, fart (“an expedition, journey”), Old High German fart (“journey”) (German Fahrt), Danish færd (“voyage, travel”). More at fare.

Noun

ferd (plural ferds)

(Scotland, Northern England) Impetus, speed.
(obsolete, Scotland, Northern England) A journey.

He’s on a ferd. Whatǃ? He’s ferdedǃ.
(obsolete or historical) An army, a host.
(obsolete or historical) A military expedition.
(obsolete or historical) A company, band, or group.

Usage notes

This word in its Anglo-Saxon form, fyrd, is used historically in a technical sense.

Derived terms

Related terms

here

References

Etymology 2

From Middle English feren (“to fear”). More at fear.

Noun

ferd (usually uncountable, plural ferds)

(obsolete) Fear.

Anagrams

Fred, derf

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse ferð.

Noun

ferd f or m (definite singular ferda or ferden, indefinite plural ferder, definite plural ferdene)

journey, voyage, expedition
være i verd med (also written as iferd): to be on the point of, to be busy with

Derived terms

References

“ferd” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
“ferd” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse ferð.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /fæːr/, /fɛrd/

Noun

ferd f (definite singular ferda, indefinite plural ferder, definite plural ferdene)

journey, travel

Korleis var ferda di til Sambandsstatane?

How was your journey to the United States?
group of people
vere i verd med: to be on the point of, to be busy with

Derived terms

Verb

ferd

imperative of ferda and ferde

References

“ferd” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fear#English

fear

English

Pronunciation

(General Australian, Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /fɪə/
(General American) IPA^(key): /fɪəɹ/, /fɪɹ/
Rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)

Etymology 1

From Middle English feer, fere, fer, from Old English fǣr, ġefǣr (“calamity, sudden danger, peril, sudden attack, terrible sight”), from Proto-Germanic *fērō, *fērą (“danger”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to attempt, try, research, risk”). Cognate with Dutch gevaar (“danger, risk, peril”), German Gefahr (“danger, risk, hazard”), Swedish fara (“danger, risk, peril”), Latin perīculum (“danger, risk, trial”), Albanian frikë (“fear,danger”), Romanian frică

The verb is from Middle English feren, from Old English fǣran (“to frighten, raven”), from the noun. Cognate with the archaic Dutch verb varen (“to fear; to cause fear”).

Noun

fear (countable and uncountable, plural fears)

(uncountable) A strong, uncontrollable, unpleasant emotion caused by actual or perceived danger or threat.
He was struck by fear on seeing the snake.
(countable) A phobia, a sense of fear induced by something or someone.

Not everybody has the same fears. I have a fear of ants.
(uncountable) Terrified veneration or reverence, particularly towards God, gods, or sovereigns.

Synonyms

(an emotion caused by actual or perceived danger; a sense of fear induced by something or someone): See Thesaurus:fear
(terrified veneration): dread

Derived terms

Verb

fear (third-person singular simple present fears, present participle fearing, simple past and past participle feared)

(transitive) To feel fear about (something or someone); to be afraid of; to consider or expect with alarm.

I fear the worst will happen.
(intransitive) To feel fear (about something).

Never fear; help is always near.
(intransitive, used with for) To worry about, to feel concern for, to be afraid for.

She fears for her son’s safety.
(transitive) To venerate; to feel awe towards.

People who fear God can be found in Christian churches.
(transitive) To regret.

I fear I have bad news for you: your husband has died.
(obsolete, transitive) To cause fear to; to frighten.
(obsolete, transitive) To be anxious or solicitous for.
(obsolete, transitive) To suspect; to doubt.

Synonyms

(feel fear about (something)): be afraid of, be frightened of, be scared of, be terrorised/terrorized
(venerate; to feel awe towards): be in awe of, revere, venerate

Antonyms

(venerate; to feel awe towards): belittle, contemn

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Middle English fere, feore, from Old English fēre (“able to go, fit for service”), from Proto-Germanic *fōriz (“passable”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to put across, ferry”). Cognate with Scots fere, feir (“well, active, sound”), Middle High German gevüere (“able, capable, fit, serviceable”), Swedish för (“capable, able, stout”), Icelandic færr (“able”). Related to fare.

Adjective

fear (comparative more fear, superlative most fear)

(dialectal) Able; capable; stout; strong; sound.

hale and fear

Alternative forms

feer

Anagrams

FERA, Fera, Rafe, fare, reaf

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/f%C4%93r%C5%8D

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fērō

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to attempt, try, risk; danger”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɛː.rɔː/

Noun

*fērō f

danger

Inflection

Declension of *fērō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*fērō	*fērôz
vocative	*fērō	*fērôz
accusative	*fērǭ	*fērōz
genitive	*fērōz	*fērǫ̂
dative	*fērōi	*fērōmaz
instrumental	*fērō	*fērōmiz

Synonyms

*fērą

Descendants

Old English: fǣr m; (ġefǣr)
- Middle English: fer, fere, feer
  - Scots: fere, feir, fear
  - English: fear
Old Frisian: *fēr (in fernesse)
Old Saxon: *fāra f; fār m
- Middle Low German: vâre; vâr
  - → Danish: fare m or f
  - → Swedish: fara f
    - → Finnish: vaara
  - → Norwegian: fare m
Old Dutch: *fāra; *fār
- Middle Dutch: vāre, vaer
Old High German: fāra f; *fār m
- Middle High German: vāre f; vār m; gevāre
  - German: Fahr; Gefahr
    - → Dutch: gevaar
      - → West Frisian: gefaar
    - → German Low German: Gefahr
    - → Saterland Frisian: Gefoar
  - Luxembourgish: Gefor
⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰 (fērja)

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https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/f%C4%93r%C4%85&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Germanic/fērą.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periculum#Latin

periculum

Latin

Alternative forms

perīclum

Etymology

From *perīrī, a base derived from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to attempt, try, research, risk”) (see also English fear, Dutch gevaar (“danger, risk, peril”), German Gefahr (“danger, risk, hazard”), Swedish fara (“danger, risk, peril”)) +‎ -culum. Also related to experior.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /peˈriː.ku.lum/, [pɛˈriː.kʊ.ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Noun

perīculum n (genitive perīculī); second declension

trial, experiment, attempt, proof, essay
risk, hazard, danger, peril
ruin, destruction
(law) trial, action, suit
writ of judgment or judgement, sentence
(attack of) sickness

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	perīculum	perīcula
Genitive	perīculī	perīculōrum
Dative	perīculō	perīculīs
Accusative	perīculum	perīcula
Ablative	perīculō	perīculīs
Vocative	perīculum	perīcula

Synonyms

(experiment, proof, trial): experientia, experīmentum, tentāmentum, tentātiō
(judgment or judgement): iūdicium
(suit, trial): causa

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Asturian: peligru
Breton: pirilh
Catalan: perill
Cornish: peryl
Galician: perigo
English: peril
French: péril
Friulian: pericul
Italian: pericolo, periglio
Ladin: pericul

Leonese: peligru
Norman: péthi
Occitan: perilh
Portuguese: perigo
Old French: peril
Old Spanish: periglo
Old Portuguese: periglo, perigoo
Romanian: pericol
Romansch: privel, prighel, prievel

Sardinian: perículu, perígulu, pirígulu
Sicilian: pirìculu, perìculu, prìculu
Spanish: peligro
Venetian: pericoło, pericol, perigoło, pericolo
Welsh: perygl

References

periculum in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
periculum in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
periculum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
periculum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.17 phrases
periculum in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forth

forth

English

English Wikipedia has articles on: forth

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /fɔːθ/
(General American) IPA^(key): /fɔɹθ/
(rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /fo(ː)ɹθ/
(non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /foəθ/
Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)θ
Homophone: fourth

Etymology 1

From Middle English [Term?], from Old English forþ, from Proto-Germanic *furþa-, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥to-. Cognate with Dutch voort. See also ford.

Adverb

forth (not comparable)

Forward in time, place or degree.
Out into view; from a particular place or position.

The plants in spring put forth leaves.

The robbers leapt forth from their place of concealment.
(obsolete) Beyond a (certain) boundary; away; abroad; out.
(obsolete) Thoroughly; from beginning to end.

(Can we find and add a quotation of Shakespeare to this entry?)

Synonyms

fromward

Derived terms

forth-

Preposition

forth

(obsolete) Forth from; out of.

Etymology 2

From fourth; compare forty.

Adjective

forth

Misspelling of fourth.

Noun

forth

Misspelling of fourth.

Anagrams

froth

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

forð

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *furþa-, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥to-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /fɔrθ/

Adverb

forth

forwards, forth; onward

Preposition

forth

forward to, up to

Descendants

Middle Low German: fort, vort
- → Danish: fort
- → Norwegian: fort
- → Swedish: fort

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fur%C3%BEa-

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furþa-

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥-to-, from *per-. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈfurθɑ/

Adverb

*furþa-

forward[1]

Descendants

Old English: forþ, forð
- Middle English: forth, vorð, furth, feorð, forh, fort, ford
  - English: forth
  - Scots: furth
Old Frisian: forth
Old Saxon: forth, forð
- Middle Low German: fort, vort
  - → Danish: fort
  - → Norwegian: fort
  - → Swedish: fort
Old Dutch: forth
- Middle Dutch: vort, voort
  - Dutch: voort
Old High German: forth
- Middle High German: vort
  - German: fort

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pr%CC%A5to-&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Indo-European/pr̥to-.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/p%C5%95%CC%A5-to-&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Indo-European/pŕ̥-to-.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forward

forward

English

English Wikipedia has articles on: Forward

Alternative forms

foreward (obsolete)
forrard (nautical)

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈfɔː.wəd/
(General American) IPA^(key): /ˈfɔɹ.wɚd/
(General Australian, Estuary English, General New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ˈfoːwəd/
(General New Zealand, unstressed) IPA^(key): /foːd/
Homophone: foreword
Hyphenation: for‧ward

Etymology 1

From Middle English foreward, from Old English foreweard (“forward, inclined to the front, fore, early, former”), from Proto-Germanic *fura- (“fore-”), *warþaz (“turned”), equivalent to fore +‎ -ward. Cognate with Dutch voorwaarts (“forward”), German vorwärts (“forward”).

Adjective

forward (comparative more forward, superlative most forward)

Toward the front or at the front.

The fire was confined to the forward portion of the store.

the forward gun in a ship, or the forward ship in a fleet
Without customary restraint or modesty; bold, cheeky, pert, presumptuous or pushy.
(finance) Expected in the future.

The stock price is currently 12 times forward earnings.
Ready; prompt; ardently inclined; in a bad sense, eager or hasty.
Advanced beyond the usual degree; advanced for the season; precocious.

The grass is forward, or forward for the season. We have a forward spring.

Usage notes

The superlative forwardmost can be used for the „toward or at the front” sense. There does not appear to be a „forwardmore”.

Synonyms

(at the front): anterior, front
(without customary restraint): bold, fresh, impertinent, brazen
(expected in the future): forecast, predicted

Antonyms

(at the front): back, posterior, rear
(without customary restraint): restrained
(expected in the future): past

Adverb

forward (comparative further forward, superlative furthest forward)

Towards the front or from the front.

The bus driver told everyone standing up to move forward.
In the usual direction of travel.

After spending an hour stuck in the mud, we could once again move forward.
Into the future.

From this day forward, there will be no more brussels sprouts at the cafeteria.

Synonyms

(towards the front): forwards
(in the usual direction of travel): ahead, forth, on, onward, onwards
(into the future): forth, forwards, hereon, on, onward, onwards

Antonyms

(towards the front): back, backward, backwards, rearwards
(in the usual direction of travel): back, backward, backwards, rearwards, in reverse
(in the future): backward, backwards, into the past

Hyponyms

straightforward

Derived terms

Verb

forward (third-person singular simple present forwards, present participle forwarding, simple past and past participle forwarded)

(transitive) To advance, promote.
(transitive) To send (a letter, email etc.) to a third party.

I’ll be glad to forward your mail to you while you’re gone.
(transitive, bookbinding) To assemble (a book) by sewing sections, attaching cover boards, and so on.

Synonyms

(send (something received) to a third party): pass on

Derived terms

Descendants

Dutch: forwarden

Noun

forward (plural forwards)

(rugby) One of the eight players (comprising two props, one hooker, two locks, two flankers and one number eight, collectively known as the pack) whose primary task is to gain and maintain possession of the ball (compare back).
(soccer) A player on a team in football (soccer) in the row nearest to the opposing team’s goal, who are therefore principally responsible for scoring goals.
(ice hockey) An umbrella term for a centre or winger in ice hockey.
(basketball) The small forward or power forward position; two frontcourt positions that are taller than guards but shorter than centers.
(nautical) The front part of a vessel.
(Internet) An e-mail message that is forwarded to another recipient or recipients; an electronic chain letter.

Synonyms

(soccer position): attacker, centre forward, striker

Derived terms

cab forward

Etymology 2

From Middle English foreward, from Old English foreweard (“condition, bargain, agreement, contract, treaty, assurance”), equivalent to fore- +‎ ward (“ward, keeping”). Cognate with Scots forward (“covenant, compact”), Dutch voorwaarde (“condition, terms, proviso, stipulation”). More at fore-, ward.

Noun

forward (plural forwards)

(dialectal or obsolete) Agreement; covenant.
Misconstruction of foreword (“preface or introduction”)

Anagrams

Warford, froward

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fura-&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Germanic/fura-.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fore#English

fore

English

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /fɔː/
(General American) IPA^(key): /fɔɹ/
(rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /fo(ː)ɹ/
(non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /foə/
Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)
Homophones: four, for (in accents with the horse–hoarse merger)

Etymology 1

A development of the prefix fore-.

Adjective

fore (comparative former, superlative foremost)

(obsolete) Former; occurring earlier (in some order); previous. [15th-18th c.]

the fore part of the day
Forward; situated towards the front (of something). [from 16th c.]

the fore end of a wagon

Antonyms

(order): latter
(location): aft

Interjection

fore

(golf) An exclamation yelled to inform players a ball is moving in their direction.

Noun

fore (uncountable)

The front; the forward part of something; the foreground.

The fore was painted white.

Related terms

Adverb

fore (not comparable)

In the part that precedes or goes first; opposed to aft, after, back, behind, etc.
(obsolete) Formerly; previously; afore.
(nautical) In or towards the bows of a ship.

Etymology 2

Verb

fore

(archaic) simple past tense of fare

Anagrams

Freo, froe, o-fer, ofer, orfe

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fore-#English

fore-

English

Etymology

From Middle English fore-, from Old English fōr(e)-, from Proto-Germanic *fura-, *furai- (“before, in front of, for”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“before, formerly; through, throughout”). Akin to Old Saxon and Old High German fora-, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰- (faura-) (see 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (faura)), Dutch voor- (“fore-”).

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /fɔː/
(General American) IPA^(key): /fɔɹ/
(rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /fo(ː)ɹ/
(non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA^(key): /foə/
Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)
Homophones: four, for (in accents with the horse–hoarse merger)

Prefix

fore-

Positioned at or near the front
Before; ahead or in front of.
Occurring beforehand; earlier; prior to

forefather

foretwist

Usage notes

Some terms prefixed with for- (“far, very”) have alternative spellings beginning with fore-, though they do not derive from fore- (they do not mean “before”); examples include foreshame, foreslack, foreslow. Conversely, some terms prefixed with fore- have alternative spellings beginning with for-, such as forbear; the form with fore- is usually preferred to avoid ambiguity, with the conspicuous exception of forward / forwards. In some cases analogous words with both prefixes are found, as in forego (“go before”) vs. forgo (“do without”), forebear (“ancestor”) vs. forbear (“restrain oneself”), and forespeak (“speak before, foretell”) vs. forspeak (“speak ill of; curse; charm, bewitch”).^[1] The prefixes might be distantly related (from Proto-Indo-European), but are distinct in English.

Derived terms

► English words prefixed with fore-

References

^ Fore- or for-?, OxfordWords

Anagrams

Freo, froe, o-fer, ofer, orfe

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *furai-, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈfo.re/ (as a nominal prefix)
IPA^(key): /fo.re/ (as a verbal prefix)

Prefix

fore-

before, in front of, pro-

‎fore- + ‎cwide → ‎forecwide (“introduction, heading; prophecy”)

‎fore- + ‎manian → ‎foremanian (“to forewarn, admonish”)

‎fore- + ‎mǣrlīċ → ‎foremǣrlīċ (“eminent, foreboding”)

‎fore- + ‎rīm → ‎forerīm (“prologue”)

‎fore- + ‎cnēoris → ‎forecnēoris (“progeny”)

‎fore- + ‎frēfrend → ‎forefrēfrend (“proconsul”)

‎fore- + ‎costiġan → ‎forecostigan (“to profane”)

‎fore- + ‎ġehāt → ‎foreġehāt (“vow”)

‎fore- + ‎mearcung → ‎foremearcung (“title, chapter”)
first, prime, occupying a prominent position

‎fore- + ‎seld → ‎foreseld (“first seat”)
very, supremely, foremost

‎fore- + ‎maniġ → ‎foremaniġ (“very many”)

‎fore- + ‎mihtiġ → ‎foremihtiġ (“most mighty”)

Derived terms

► Old English words prefixed with fore-

Descendants

Middle English: fore-
- English: fore-

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furai-

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furai-

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the preposition and adverb *furai (“before”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɸu.rɑi̯/

Prefix

*furai-

(of time or place) before, in front of; fore-, pre-

Derived terms

► Proto-Germanic words prefixed with *furai-

Descendants

Old English: fōre-
- Middle English: fore-, for-
  - English: fore-
Old Frisian: fore-
- Saterland Frisian: foar-
Old Saxon: fora-
Old High German: fora-
- German: vor-
Old Norse: fyrir-, for-
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰- (faura-)

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furai

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furai

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *pr̥h₂-oy, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂–.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸu.rɑi̯/

Preposition

*furai

(+dative, with locative meaning) before, in front of

Adverb

*furai

before, in front of

Related terms

Descendants

In most of the daughter languages *furi and *furai had begun to merge in meaning and to varying degrees in form.

Old English: fore
- Middle English: fore
  - Scots: fore
  - English: fore
Old Frisian: fora, fore
Old Saxon: fora, for, fore, fur, far
- Low German: vör
Old Dutch: fora, fore
- Middle Dutch: vore, vor, vōor
  - Dutch: voor
    - Afrikaans: voor
  - Limburgish: veur
Old High German: fora, for, fore
- Middle Low German: vor, vore
  - Central Franconian: vür
  - Cimbrian: bóar
  - German: vor
Old Norse: fyrir (probably merged completely with *furi)
- Norn: for
- Old Swedish: fyri(r), for
  - Swedish: före, för
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (faura)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

…..

O tym *preh₂– i innych fielko-germańskich fiflakach pisałem już tu:

https://skrbh.wordpress.com/2019/07/18/194-wtornie-ubezdzwiecznione-liczebniki-indogermanskie-i-ich-wysokoenergetyczne-pierwotne-pra-slowianskie-rdzenie-pierwsy-prw-pr-05/

https://skrbh.wordpress.com/2019/07/02/191-wtornie-ubezdzwiecznione-liczebniki-indogermanskie-i-ich-wyzej-energetyczne-pierwotne-pra-slowianskie-rdzenie-pierwsy-prw-pr-02/

…..

Czerwonawo, co?… I to wcale nie jest jeszcze koniec…

2 uwagi do wpisu “226 Prom, Pram, Ferry, Fear, Fare, Fahren, Far, Ferd, Forth, Forward, Fore, czyli śmierć tzw. Proto-Germanic i wszystkiego, co ma związek z tym nigdy nie istniejącym czymś”

Pingback: 227 Przed, Przód, Przodek, Przez, Frons, Front, | SKRBH
Pingback: 232 Praga, Praha, Prha, Pyrgać, Pierzga, Pierzchać, Prychać, Próżny, Prażyć, *Frekaz, Pragnąć, Przeżyć, Przeżuć, Przerzucać, Przerzut i inne dowody na pierwotną oboczność Pra-Słowiańskich rdzeni i słów | SKRBH

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Zwracam uwagę na to, że dźwięk zapisywany znakiem B, jest wg ofitzjalnego jęsykosnaftzfa starszy i pierwotniejszy od dźwięku zapisywanego znakiem P.

prom (język polski)

prom

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Further reading

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pormъ

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Descendants

References

UWAGA!

pram (język angielski)

pram

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Coordinate terms

Etymology 2

From Dutch praam (“a flat-bottomed boat”), from Middle Dutch praem, from Middle Low German prām, from Old Czech *prám, from Proto-Slavic *pormъ.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

Anagrams

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

UWAGA!

ferry (język angielski)

ferry

English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Noun

See also

Anagrams

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/farjaną

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Inflection

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

From Dutch praam (“a flat-bottomed boat”), from Middle Dutch praem, from Middle Low German prām, **from Old Czech prám, from Proto-Slavic pormъ.**

From Pre-Germanic poro-, from Proto-Indo-European per- (“to go forth, cross”). Related to Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, “means of passing a river, ford, ferry”).

A ti-stem derived from faraną (“to go, travel”), representing Pre-Germanic portís.