272 Show, sceawian, schauen, sheen, caution, cautio, caveo, kûdos, κοέω, koéō, kaví i inne logiczne problemy ofitzjalnego jęsykosnaftzfa

Cave canem Beware of the dog

…..

Oto dalsza część danych, które zostały już częściowo wspomniane we wpisie poprzednim. Tym razem dla porównania zestawię ze sobą postacie fielko-germańskie, fielko-greckie i fielko-indo-irańskie, itd.

Twierdzę, że doszło w nich do tradycyjnie ofitzjalnego odwrócenia pojęć, gdzie pierwotnym znaczeniem były Proto-Indo-European, czyli tak naprawdę Pra-Słowiańskie:

*(s)kew– (“to cover, hide”), czyli Chów / (c)Ho’W, Chować / (c)HoWa+C’, Schować / S/Z+(c)HoWa+C’, itp,
*(s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). (Zagadnienia z tym związane omówię w następnych wpisach).

A oto kolejne skrajnie nieodpowiednie i niewłaściwe pytania:

Dlaczego nagle nie wiadomo skąd ofitzjalnie pojawia się postać z tzw. miękkim k, zapisywanym jako *ḱ/K’, patrz:

(…) From Middle High German schouwen, from Old High German scouwōn, from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see, watch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Old English scēawian (“to look at, examine, show”). Compare English show. (…)?

Czyżby był to jedynie kolejny ofitzjalny błąd, ponieważ dokładnie to samo było wcześniej ofitzjalnie odtfoszone z dźwiękiem zapisywanym jak *k/K, patrz:

(…) from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”) (…)..?

Dlaczego postacie indo-irańskie, jak Proto-Indo-Aryan *kawHíṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káwHiš (“seer, saint, poet”), Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Avestan kauui wtórnie nie zsatemizowały / spalatalizowały / udźwięczniły się,.. skoro tak rzekomo zrobiły postacie jak np. Polish cześć (“glory”), czy cud (“miracle”)?

Przypominam, że wszystkie te wspomniane powyżej postacie mają ofitzjalnie rzekomo pochodzić z Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, to perceive”).

Przypominam też, że ja twierdzę, że pochodzą one raczej z pierwotnej postaci *(s)kew– (“to cover, hide”). To niej, a właściwie z Pra-Słowiańskich obocznych rdzeni, jak KW, (S)+KW, (c)HW, (S/Z)+(c)HW, CW , (S/Z)+CW, CD, (S/Z)+CD, pochodzą też słowa, jak: Chów / (c)Ho’W, Chować / (c)HoWa+C’, Schować / S/Z+(c)HoWa+C’, Kuwiek / Ko’Wie+K, Kuwiekać / Ko’Wie+K+aC’, Kuwikać / Ko’Wi+K+aC’, ale także i Skuwać / S/Z+Ko’Wa+C’, Kować / KoWa+C’,.. czy Czuwać / C”o’Wa+C’, itp.

Powtarzam pytanie na podsumowanie:

Jak to jest więc możliwe, że te same rdzenie i dźwięki KW lub (S)+KW, raz rzekomo ofitzjalnie przekształcają się przez wtórne ubezdźwięcznienie w (c)HW lub (S/Z)+(c)HW, a innym razem nie przekształcają się wcale, by jeszcze innym razem rzekomo wtórnie udźwięcznić się do postaci CW , (S/Z)+CW lub CD, (S/Z)+CD, hm?

Powrócę do tego zagadnienia w kolejnych wpisach. Szczególnie skupię się w nich na:

Pra-Słowiańskich słowach i postaciach powiązanych (lub przeciwnie jakoś dziwnie ofitzjalnie nie powiązanych) z tzw. miękkim k, zapisywanym jako *ḱ/K’,
tzw. s-mobile, które jak już dobrze widać było i nadal jest niczym innym, jak typowo słowiańskim przedrostkiem.

Sławomir Ambroziak i inni allo-allo myślę, że mogą ponownie już zacząć odczuwać pewien taki niewygodny stan ducha i umysłu. Najpierw jednak przypomnienie najważniejszych danych z poprzedniego wpisu…

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xovati

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xovati

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *skovati (“to watch attentively”), an O-grade of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, to perceive”).

Compare Ancient Greek θυο-σκόος (thuo-skóos, “priest”, literally “watching the victim”), Old High German scouwōn, German schauen (“to look, behold”), Gothic 𐌿𐍃-𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃 (us–kaus, “judicious”), English show.

Without initial s–: Sanskrit कवि (kavi, “overseer, shepherd”), Ancient Greek κοέω (koéō, “to notice, note, remark”), Latin cavēre (“to guard, abide by, (be)ware, watch out”).

(…)

…..

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/show

show (język angielski)

air show (1.2)

wymowa:

bryt.: IPA: /ʃəʊ/, SAMPA: /S@U/

wymowa brytyjska^?/i

amer.: enPR: shō, IPA: /ʃoʊ/, SAMPA: /SoU/

wymowa amerykańska^?/i

znaczenia:

rzeczownik

(1.1) przedstawienie, spektakl

(1.2) pokaz, wystawa

czasownik

(2.1) pokazać

(2.2) okazywać

(2.3) wyświetlać

odmiana:: (1.1–2) lm shows; (2.1–3) show, showed, shown, he shows, be showing

przykłady:: (1.1) The new show is being prepared on Broadway. → Na Broadwayu jest przygotowywane nowe przedstawienie.; (1.2) The annual air show takes place in September. → Coroczny pokaz lotniczy odbywa się we wrześniu.; (1.2) The flower show in Amsterdam is really worth seeing. → Wystawa kwiatów w Amsterdamie jest warta obejrzenia.; (2.1) I showed the policeman my papers. → Pokazałem policjantowi dokumenty.

synonimy:: (1.1) play; (1.2) display; (2.1) play, display

wyrazy pokrewne:: czas. show down, show in, show off, show up

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/show#English

show

English

Alternative forms

shew (archaic)
shewe (obsolete)
showe (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle English schewen, schawen, scheawen, from Old English scēawian (“to look, look at, exhibit, display”), from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”); see haw, gaum, caveat, caution.

Cognate with Scots shaw (“to show”), Saterland Frisian scoe (“to look, behold”), Dutch schouwen (“to inspect, view”), German schauen (“to see, behold”), Danish skue (“to behold”), Icelandic skygna (“to spy, behold, see”). Related to sheen.

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation): IPA^(key): /ʃəʊ/
(General American): enPR: shō, IPA^(key): /ʃoʊ/
Rhymes: -əʊ

Verb

show (third-person singular simple present shows, present participle showing, simple past showed or shew, past participle shown or (now rare) showed)

(transitive) To display, to have somebody see (something).

The car’s dull finish showed years of neglect.

All he had to show for four years of attendance at college was a framed piece of paper.
(transitive) To bestow; to confer.

to show mercy; to show favour; (dialectal) show me the salt please
(transitive) To indicate (a fact) to be true; to demonstrate.
(transitive) To guide or escort.

Could you please show him on his way. He has overstayed his welcome.

They showed us in.
(intransitive) To be visible; to be seen; to appear.

Your bald patch is starting to show.

At length, his gloom showed.
(intransitive, informal) To put in an appearance; show up.

We waited for an hour, but they never showed.
(intransitive, informal) To have an enlarged belly and thus be recognizable as pregnant.
(intransitive, racing) To finish third, especially of horses or dogs.

In the third race: Aces Up won, paying eight dollars; Blarney Stone placed, paying three dollars; and Cinnamon showed, paying five dollars.
(obsolete) To have a certain appearance, such as well or ill, fit or unfit; to become or suit; to appear.

Usage notes

The past participle shown was uncommon before the 19th century, but is now the preferred form in standard English. In the UK, showed is regarded as archaic or dialectal. In the US, it is considered a standard variant form, but shown is more common. Garner’s Modern American Usage favors shown over showed as past participle and claims it is mandatory for passives.
In the past, shew was used as a past-tense form and shewed as a past participle of this verb; both forms are now archaic.

Synonyms

(display): display, indicate, point out, reveal, exhibit
(indicate a fact to be true): demonstrate, prove
(put in an appearance): arrive, show up

Antonyms

(display): conceal, cover up, hide
(indicate a fact to be true): disprove, refute

Derived terms

Terms derived from show (verb)

Noun

show (countable and uncountable, plural shows)

(countable) A play, dance, or other entertainment.
(countable) An exhibition of items.

art show; dog show
(countable) A demonstration.

show of force
(countable) A broadcast program/programme.

radio show; television show
(countable) A movie.

Let’s catch a show.
A project or presentation.

Let’s get on with the show. Let’s get this show on the road. They went on an international road show to sell the shares to investors. It was Apple’s usual dog and pony show.
(uncountable) Mere display or pomp with no substance. (Usually seen in the phrases „all show” and „for show”.)

The dog sounds ferocious but it’s all show.
Outward appearance; wileful or deceptive appearance.
(baseball, with „the”) The major leagues.

He played AA ball for years, but never made it to the show.
(mining, obsolete) A pale blue flame at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of firedamp.

(Can we find and add a quotation of Raymond to this entry?)
(archaic) Pretence.
(archaic) Sign, token, or indication.
(obsolete) Semblance; likeness; appearance.
(obsolete) Plausibility.
(medicine) A discharge, from the vagina, of mucus streaked with blood, occurring a short time before labor.

Synonyms

(exhibition): exhibition, exposition
(demonstration): demonstration, illustration, proof
(broadcast program(me)): program(me)
(mere display with no substance): façade, front, superficiality
(baseball): big leagues

Derived terms

Terms derived from show (noun)

Descendants

→ Catalan: xou
→ Danish: show
→ Dutch: show
→ Finnish: show
→ German: Show
→ Hindi: शो (śo)
→ Hungarian: show
→ Japanese: ショー (shō)
→ Korean: 쇼 (syo)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: show
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: show
→ Portuguese: show
→ Russian: шоу (šou)
→ Spanish: show
→ Swedish: show
→ Urdu: شو‎ (śo)

sceawian

Old English

Alternative forms

sċēaƿian – wynn spelling

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skawwōną. Cognate with Old Frisian skawia, Old Saxon skawon, Old Dutch skouwon (Dutch schouwen), Old High German scouwōn (German schauen).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈʃæ͜ɑː.wi.ɑn/

Verb

sċēawian

to look at, examine, scrutinize

Conjugation

Conjugation of sċēawian (weak class 2)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	sċēawian	sċēawienne
1st-person singular	sċēawiġe	sċēawode
2nd-person singular	sċēawast	sċēawodest
3rd-person singular	sċēawaþ	sċēawode
plural	sċēawiaþ	sċēawodon
subjunctive	present	past
singular	sċēawiġe	sċēawode
plural	sċēawiġen	sċēawoden
imperative
singular	sċēawa
plural	sċēawiaþ
participle	present	past
	sċēawiende	(ġe)sċēawod

Derived terms

Descendants

Middle English: schawen, schewen, schowen, sheuen
- Scots: schaw, schew, schow, shaw
- English: shew, show

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaww%C5%8Dn%C4%85

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skawwōną

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Latin cavēre (“to beware, heed”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑw.wɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skawwōną

to look, see, watch

Inflection

Conjugation of *skawwōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skawwō	*skawwǭ	—	*skawwōi	*?
2nd singular	*skawwōsi	*skawwōs	*skawwō	*skawwōsai	*skawwōsau
3rd singular	*skawwōþi	*skawwō	*skawwōþau	*skawwōþai	*skawwōþau
1st dual	*skawwōs	*skawwōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skawwōþiz	*skawwōþiz	*skawwōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skawwōmaz	*skawwōm	—	*skawwōnþai	*skawwōnþau
2nd plural	*skawwōþ	*skawwōþ	*skawwōþ	*skawwōnþai	*skawwōnþau
3rd plural	*skawwōnþi	*skawwōn	*skawwōnþau	*skawwōnþai	*skawwōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skawwōdǭ	*skawwōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*skawwōdēz	*skawwōdēdīz
3rd singular	*skawwōdē	*skawwōdēdī
1st dual	*skawwōdēdū	*skawwōdēdīw
2nd dual	*skawwōdēdudiz	*skawwōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*skawwōdēdum	*skawwōdēdīm
2nd plural	*skawwōdēdud	*skawwōdēdīd
3rd plural	*skawwōdēdun	*skawwōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*skawwōndz	*skawwōdaz

Related terms

Descendants

Old English: sċēawian
- Middle English: schawen, schewen, schowen; scheawing, scewing
  - Scots: schaw, schew, schow, shaw
- English: shew, show
- ⇒ Old English: sċēawung
  - Middle English: schewinge, schewynge
    - English: showing
    - Scots: schewing, schawing, schowing
  - → Old French: escauvinghe, escauwage; scawageour
    - → Middle English: scavage, schevage, schewage; scavager
      - Scots: scavanger, scawanger
      - English: scavage; scavenger
Old Frisian: skāwia, skōwia, skōia
- Saterland Frisian: scoe
- West Frisian: skôgje, skoaie, skouje
Old Saxon: skauwōn
- Middle Low German: schouwen
  - German Low German: schauen, schoen
    - ⇒ German Low German: wohrschoen
Old Dutch: scouwon
- Middle Dutch: schouwen
  - Dutch: schouwen
Old High German: skouwōn, scouwōn
- Middle High German: schouwen
  - German: schauen
→ Finnic: [Term?]
- Estonian: kava
- Finnish: kaava

…..

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/schauen

schauen (język niemiecki)

wymowa:: IPA: /’ʃaʊən/ ^?/i wymowa austriacka^?/i IPA: [ˈʃaʊ̯tə] IPA: [ɡəˈʃaʊ̯t]

znaczenia:

czasownik słaby, przechodni

(1.1) patrzeć, spoglądać, spojrzeć

(1.2) patrzeć, widzieć

(1.3) widzi Pan/Pani, widzą Państwo (rozpoczynając zdanie w rozmowie)

odmiana:: (1.1–3)^[1] schau|en (schaut), schaute, geschaut (haben)

przykłady:: (1.1) Sie zog sich eine Jacke an und schaute auf die Straße. → Założyła kurtkę i wyjrzała na ulicę.; (1.3) Schauen Sie – und hier liegt das Problem. → Widzi Pan/Pani – i tu leży problem.

synonimy:: (1.2) sehen

wyrazy pokrewne:: rzecz. Schauen n, Schau ż

uwagi:: zobacz też: schauen • abschauen • anschauen • aufschauen • ausschauen • beschauen • durchschauen • erschauen • herschauen • hervorschauen • hinschauen • nachschauen • umschauen • überschauen • zuschauen • zurückschauen; zobacz też: schauen • dreinschauen • emporschauen • gleichschauen • fernschauen • hereinschauen • hineinschauen • reinschauen • vorbeischauen • wegschauen

źródła:

↑ Wiktionary.de, schauen (Konjugation), 2017

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schauen#German

schauen

German

Etymology

From Middle High German schouwen, from Old High German scouwōn, from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see, watch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Old English scēawian (“to look at, examine, show”). Compare English show.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈʃaʊ̯ən/

Verb

schauen (third-person singular simple present schaut, past tense schaute, past participle geschaut, auxiliary haben)

to look (at something)

Usage notes

In writing, schauen is normal throughout the language area.
In colloquial speech, the word is commonly used in southern Germany and Austria. In northern and central Germany it is fairly rare and, to some, may sound affected.

Conjugation

Conjugation of schauen

Composed forms of schauen

Synonyms

gucken, kucken, sehen

UWAGA!

Dlaczego nagle i nie wiadomo skąd pojawia się tu postać z tzw. miękkim k, zapisywanym jako *ḱ?!!

From Middle High German schouwen, from Old High German scouwōn, from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see, watch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Old English scēawian (“to look at, examine, show”). Compare English show.

Tak było to ofitzjalnie odtfoszone wcześniej, patrz:

from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”)

Do tego Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”) powrócę w następnych częściach tego wpisu!

…..

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheen

sheen (język angielski)

wymowa:: enPR: shēn, IPA: /ʃiːn/, SAMPA: /Si:n/; ^?/i

znaczenia:

rzeczownik

(1.1) połysk

synonimy:: (1.1) shininess, amer. luster, bryt. lustre

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheen#English

sheen

English

Pronunciation

enPR: shēn, IPA^(key): /ʃiːn/
Rhymes: -iːn

Etymology 1

From Middle English shene, schene, from Old English sċīene (“beautiful, fair, bright, brilliant, light”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaunī, from Proto-Germanic *skauniz (“beautiful”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁–.

Cognate with Scots schene, scheine (“beautiful, fair, attractive”), Saterland Frisian skeen (“clean, pure”), West Frisian skjin (“nice, clean”), Dutch schoon (“clean, beautiful, fair”), German schön (“beautiful”), Danish skøn (“beautiful”), Norwegian Bokmål skjønn (“beautiful”), Norwegian Nynorsk skjønn (“beautiful”), Swedish skön (“beautiful, fine”). Compare also the loanword Finnish kaunis (“beautiful”). See also English show.

Adjective

sheen (comparative sheener, superlative sheenest)

(rare, poetic) Beautiful, good-looking, attractive; radiant; shiny.

Derived terms

sheenly

Noun

sheen (countable and uncountable, plural sheens)

Splendor; radiance; shininess.
A thin layer of a substance (such as oil) spread on a solid or liquid surface.

oil sheen

Derived terms

Verb

sheen (third-person singular simple present sheens, present participle sheening, simple past and past participle sheened)

(rare, intransitive, poetic) To shine; to glisten.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/skaun%C4%AB

Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skaunī

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skauniz.

Adjective

*skaunī^[1]

beautiful

Inflection

ja-stem
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*skaunī	*skauniju	*skaunī
Accusative	*skaunijanā	*skaunijā	*skaunī
Genitive	*skaunijas	*skaunijeʀā	*skaunijas
Dative	*skaunijumē	*skaunijeʀē	*skaunijumē
Instrumental	*skauniju	*skaunijeʀu	*skauniju
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*skaunijē	*skaunijō	*skauniju
Accusative	*skaunijā	*skaunijā	*skauniju
Genitive	*skaunijeʀō	*skaunijeʀō	*skaunijeʀō
Dative	skaunijēm, skaunijum	skaunijēm, skaunijum	skaunijēm, skaunijum
Instrumental	skaunijēm, skaunijum	skaunijēm, skaunijum	skaunijēm, skaunijum

Descendants

Old English: sċīene, sċēne, sċēone, sċīne, sċīone, sċȳne
- Middle English: schene, schen, schone, shone
  - English: sheen
  - Scots: schene, scheine
Old Frisian: skēne
- North Frisian: schien
- Saterland Frisian: skeen
- West Frisian: skjin
Old Saxon: skōni
- Middle Low German: schö̂ne
  - Low German: schöön
    
    Altmärkisch: schön
    
    Bremisch: schön (substantivised: (dat) Schöne n)
    
    Dithmarsisch: schön
    
    Hamburgisch: scheun
    
    Lippisch: scheun
    
    Münsterländisch: schön
    
    Ostfälisch: schöne (schön)
    
    Paderbornisch: schoin
    
    Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: schön
    
    Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: schåün
    
    Sauerländisch: schoine, scho̊n
    
    Westmünsterländisch: schöön
    - Plautdietsch: scheen
  - → Old Swedish: skön
    - Swedish: skön
  - → Danish: skøn
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: skjønn
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: skjønn
Old Dutch: scōni
- Middle Dutch: schône
  - Dutch: schoon
    - Afrikaans: skoon
    - → West Frisian: skoan
  - Limburgish: sjoen, sjoean, sjuun, sjun
Old High German: scōni
- Middle High German: schœne
  - Bavarian: schee
    
    Cimbrian: söon, schümma
    
    Mòcheno: schea’
  - Central Franconian: schün
    - Hunsrik: scheen
  - East Central German:
    
    Silesian German: scheene
  - East Franconian: schee
  - German: schön
    - → Central Franconian: schön, schien
  - Luxembourgish: schéin
  - Rhine Franconian:
    
    Hessian: schee
    
    Palatine German: schee, schää, schään
    
    Pennsylvania German: schee
  - Yiddish: שיין‎ (sheyn)

References

^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 206: “PWGmc *skaunī”

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skauniz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skauniz

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *skowh₁nis, a verbal adjective originally meaning „watchable”, derived from a lost strong verb *skawaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to perceive, pay attention”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑu̯.niz/

Adjective

*skauniz (comparative *skaunizô, superlative *skaunistaz)

beautiful, shining

Inflection

Declension of *skauniz (i-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skauniz	*skaunijai	*skaunī	*skaunijôz	skaunį, -jatō	*skaunijō
accusative	*skaunijanǭ	*skaunijanz	*skaunijǭ	*skaunijōz	skaunį, -jatō	*skaunijō
genitive	skaunijas, skaunīs	*skaunijaizǫ̂	*skaunijaizōz	*skaunijaizǫ̂	skaunijas, skaunīs	*skaunijaizǫ̂
dative	*skaunijammai	*skaunijaimaz	*skaunijaizōi	*skaunijaimaz	*skaunijammai	*skaunijaimaz
instrumental	*skaunijanō	*skaunijaimiz	*skaunijaizō	*skaunijaimiz	*skaunijanō	*skaunijaimiz

weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skaunijô	*skaunijaniz	*skaunijǭ	*skaunijōniz	*skaunijô	*skaunijōnō
accusative	*skaunijanų	*skaunijanunz	*skaunijōnų	*skaunijōnunz	*skaunijô	*skaunijōnō
genitive	*skaunīniz	*skaunijanǫ̂	*skaunijōniz	*skaunijōnǫ̂	*skaunīniz	*skaunijanǫ̂
dative	*skaunīni	*skaunijammaz	*skaunijōni	*skaunijōmaz	*skaunīni	*skaunijammaz
instrumental	*skaunīnē	*skaunijammiz	*skaunijōnē	*skaunijōmiz	*skaunīnē	*skaunijammiz

Related terms

Derived terms

*skaunį̄

Descendants

West Germanic: *skaunī
- Old English: sċīene, sċēne, sċēone, sċīne, sċīone, sċȳne
  - Middle English: schene, schen, schone, shone
    - English: sheen
    - Scots: schene, scheine
- Old Frisian: skēne
  - North Frisian: schien
  - Saterland Frisian: skeen
  - West Frisian: skjin
- Old Saxon: skōni
  - Middle Low German: schö̂ne
    - Low German: schöön
      
      Altmärkisch: schön
      
      Bremisch: schön (substantivised: (dat) Schöne n)
      
      Dithmarsisch: schön
      
      Hamburgisch: scheun
      
      Lippisch: scheun
      
      Münsterländisch: schön
      
      Ostfälisch: schöne (schön)
      
      Paderbornisch: schoin
      
      Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: schön
      
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: schåün
      
      Sauerländisch: schoine, scho̊n
      
      Westmünsterländisch: schöön
      - Plautdietsch: scheen
    - → Old Swedish: skön
      - Swedish: skön
    - → Danish: skøn
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: skjønn
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: skjønn
- Old Dutch: scōni
  - Middle Dutch: schône
    - Dutch: schoon
      - Afrikaans: skoon
      - → West Frisian: skoan
    - Limburgish: sjoen, sjoean, sjuun, sjun
- Old High German: scōni
  - Middle High German: schœne
    - Bavarian: schee
      
      Cimbrian: söon, schümma
      
      Mòcheno: schea’
    - Central Franconian: schün
      - Hunsrik: scheen
    - East Central German:
      
      Silesian German: scheene
    - East Franconian: schee
    - German: schön
      - → Central Franconian: schön, schien
    - Luxembourgish: schéin
    - Rhine Franconian:
      
      Hessian: schee
      
      Palatine German: schee, schää, schään
      
      Pennsylvania German: schee
    - Yiddish: שיין‎ (sheyn)
Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (skauns)
→ Finnic: *kaunis
- Estonian: kaunis
- Finnish: kaunis
- Ingrian: kaunis
- Karelian: kaunis
- Livvi: kauniš
- Ludian: kauńiž
- Votic: kauniz

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

UWAGA!

A co to był ten Pre-Germanic *skowh₁nis,..i skąd się był i wziął, hm?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Germanic

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skawaz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skawaz

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Related to *skawwōną (“to watch, see, perceive”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑ.wɑz/

Adjective

*skawaz

watchful

Inflection

Declension of *skawaz (a-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skawaz	*skawai	*skawō	*skawôz	skawą, -atō	*skawō
accusative	*skawanǭ	*skawanz	*skawǭ	*skawōz	skawą, -atō	*skawō
genitive	skawas, skawis	*skawaizǫ̂	*skawaizōz	*skawaizǫ̂	skawas, skawis	*skawaizǫ̂
dative	*skawammai	*skawaimaz	*skawaizōi	*skawaimaz	*skawammai	*skawaimaz
instrumental	*skawanō	*skawaimiz	*skawaizō	*skawaimiz	*skawanō	*skawaimiz

weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skawô	*skawaniz	*skawǭ	*skawōniz	*skawô	*skawōnō
accusative	*skawanų	*skawanunz	*skawōnų	*skawōnunz	*skawô	*skawōnō
genitive	*skawiniz	*skawanǫ̂	*skawōniz	*skawōnǫ̂	*skawiniz	*skawanǫ̂
dative	*skawini	*skawammaz	*skawōni	*skawōmaz	*skawini	*skawammaz
instrumental	*skawinē	*skawammiz	*skawōnē	*skawōmiz	*skawinē	*skawammiz

Descendants

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍅𐍃 (*skaws)

…..

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/caution

caution (język angielski)

wymowa:: bryt. (RP) enPR: kôshn, IPA: /ˈkɔːʃn/, SAMPA: /kO:Sn/; amer. enPR: käshn, IPA: /ˈkɑːʃn/, SAMPA: /kA:Sn/; wymowa amerykańska^?/i

znaczenia:

rzeczownik

(1.1) ostrożność

(1.2) ostrzeżenie, upomnienie

czasownik

(2.1) ostrzegać, przestrzegać, upominać

odmiana:: lp caution; lm cautions

wyrazy pokrewne:: przym. cautionary, cautious; rzecz. precaution; przysł. cautiously

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caution#English

caution

English

English Wikipedia has articles on: caution

Etymology

Recorded since 1297, „bail, guarantee, pledge”, from Old French caution (“security, surety”), itself from Latin cautiō, from cautus, past participle of caveō, cavēre (“be on one’s guard”).

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) enPR: kôshn, IPA^(key): /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
(US) enPR: käshn, kôshn, IPA^(key): /ˈkɑːʃ(ə)n/, /ˈkɔʃ(ə)n/
(cot–caught merger, northern cities vowel shift) enPR: käshn, IPA^(key): /ˈkɑʃn/
Rhymes: -ɔːʃən

Noun

caution (countable and uncountable, plural cautions)

Precept or warning against evil or danger of any kind; exhortation to wariness; advice; injunction; prudence in regard to danger; provident care
A careful attention to the probable effects of an act, in order that failure or harm may be avoided

The guideline expressed caution against excessive radiographic imaging.
Security; guaranty; bail.
(dated) One who draws attention or causes astonishment by their behaviour.

Oh, that boy, he’s a caution! He does make me laugh.
(law) A formal warning given as an alternative to prosecution in minor cases.
(soccer) A yellow card.

Synonyms

See also Thesaurus:caution

Hyponyms

precaution

Derived terms

Related terms

Verb

caution (third-person singular simple present cautions, present participle cautioning, simple past and past participle cautioned)

(transitive) To warn; to alert, advise that caution is warranted.
(soccer) To give a yellow card

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cautio#Latin

cautio

Latin

Etymology

From caveō +‎ -tiō.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkau̯.ti.oː/, [ˈkau̯.t̪i.oː]
(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈkau̯.t͡si.o/, [ˈkau̯.t͡si.ɔ]

Noun

cautiō f (genitive cautiōnis); third declension

precaution, caution
stipulation, proviso, exception

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cautiō	cautiōnēs
Genitive	cautiōnis	cautiōnum
Dative	cautiōnī	cautiōnibus
Accusative	cautiōnem	cautiōnēs
Ablative	cautiōne	cautiōnibus
Vocative	cautiō	cautiōnēs

Descendants

Catalan: caució
English: caution
French: caution
German: Kaution
Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍅𐍄𐍃𐌾𐍉 (kawtsjō)
Italian: cauzione
Portuguese: caução
Romanian: cauțiune
Spanish: caución

References

cautio in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
cautio in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
cautio in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
cautio in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
cautio in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
cautio in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cautus#Latin

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cavere#Latin

https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/caveo

caveo (język łaciński)

znaczenia:

czasownik

(1.1) ubezpieczyć się^[1]

(1.2) wystrzegać się, strzec się, uważać^[1]

odmiana:: (1.1–2) caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum (koniugacja II)

przykłady:: (1.1) Cave ab homine unius libri^[2]. → Strzeż się człowieka jednej księgi.

źródła:

↑ ^{Skocz do:1,0} ^1,1 Hasło cavere w: Słownik polsko-łaciński, łacińsko-polski. Dictionarium latino-polonicum, polonico-latinum, pod red. Jacka Gordona, s. 471, Czernica, Level Trading, 2014, ISBN 978-83-61800-47-7.
↑ autor: św. Tomasz z Akwinu

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caveo#Latin

caveo

Latin

Cave canem
Beware of the dog

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kawēō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to perceive, pay attention”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κοέω (koéō), Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Lithuanian kavoti (“safeguard, tend”), Old Armenian ցուցանեմ (cʿucʿanem, “I show”), English show.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈka.we.oː/
(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈka.ve.o/, [ˈkaː.vɛ.ɔ]

Verb

caveō (present infinitive cavēre, perfect active cāvī, supine cautum); second conjugation

I take precautions, beware, take care; I guard against.
1. (with accusative) I beware of, keep away from, avoid.
(with ablative, with dative, with ab, with cum, with nē, with ut) I guard against, I am on my guard against, I take care that (not).
1. (imperative) beware not to!, refrain from!, make sure that not, mind that you don’t!
(with dative) I look out in the interests of.
(law) I make legal provisions (for or against), I order, decree, stipulate.
(law) I give surety or guarantees, I secure bail; I pledge, certify.
1. (with ab) I procure bail or surety from.

Usage notes

The primary sense („beware”) may either govern a noun in the accusative or a subjunctive clause joined with nē, with the meaning „beware not to, make sure that you don’t”. However, the latter use became idiomatic early on with the particle nē omitted. In either case, the semantically-weakened cavĕ regularly has a short final vowel through iambic shortening. C.f. the parallel positive vidĕ (“see that, make sure to”).

Conjugation

Conjugation of caveō (second conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	caveō	cavēs	cavet	cavēmus	cavētis	cavent
	imperfect	cavēbam	cavēbās	cavēbat	cavēbāmus	cavēbātis	cavēbant
	future	cavēbō	cavēbis	cavēbit	cavēbimus	cavēbitis	cavēbunt
	perfect	cāvī	cāvistī, cāstī¹	cāvit	cāvimus	cāvistis, cāstis¹	cāvērunt, cāvēre
	pluperfect	cāveram	cāverās	cāverat	cāverāmus	cāverātis	cāverant
	future perfect	cāverō	cāveris	cāverit	cāverimus	cāveritis	cāverint
passive	present	caveor	cavēris, cavēre	cavētur	cavēmur	cavēminī	caventur
	imperfect	cavēbar	cavēbāris, cavēbāre	cavēbātur	cavēbāmur	cavēbāminī	cavēbantur
	future	cavēbor	cavēberis, cavēbere	cavēbitur	cavēbimur	cavēbiminī	cavēbuntur
	perfect	cautus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	cautus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	cautus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	caveam	caveās	caveat	caveāmus	caveātis	caveant
	imperfect	cavērem	cavērēs	cavēret	cavērēmus	cavērētis	cavērent
	perfect	cāverim	cāverīs	cāverit	cāverīmus	cāverītis	cāverint
	pluperfect	cāvissem, cāssem¹	cāvissēs, cāssēs¹	cāvisset, cāsset¹	cāvissēmus, cāssēmus¹	cāvissētis, cāssētis¹	cāvissent, cāssent¹
passive	present	cavear	caveāris, caveāre	caveātur	caveāmur	caveāminī	caveantur
	imperfect	cavērer	cavērēris, cavērēre	cavērētur	cavērēmur	cavērēminī	cavērentur
	perfect	cautus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	cautus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	cavē	—	—	cavēte	—
active	future	—	cavētō	cavētō	—	cavētōte	caventō
passive	present	—	cavēre	—	—	cavēminī	—
passive	future	—	cavētor	cavētor	—	—	caventor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		cavēre	cāvisse, cāsse¹	cautūrum esse	cavērī	cautum esse	cautum īrī
participles		cavēns	—	cautūrus	—	cautus	cavendus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		cavendī	cavendō	cavendum	cavendō	cautum	cautū

¹At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

Related terms

References

“caveō” on page 315 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
caveo in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
caveo in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
caveo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=kavoti&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have an entry for kavoti.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have an entry for θυοσκόος.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%E1%BF%A6%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek

κῦδος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to perceive, pay attention”). Cognate with κοέω (koéō), Latin caveō, Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Lithuanian kavoti (“safeguard, tend”), Old Armenian ցուցանեմ (cʿucʿanem, “I show”), Polish cześć (“glory”) and cud (“miracle”)

However, Beekes follows Benveniste that the meaning of the word is “force rayonnante des dieux ou celle qu’ils confèrent” and calls the connection with κοέω (koéō) ‘gratuitous’, as this has no root-final -d. Also the Slavic connotation of “sorcery, magic” (as in Proto-Slavic *čudo) points to a Proto-Indo-European root *kewd–s– (“miraculous power”).

At this point enters the semantically attractive Greek verb κύω (kúō) or rather its PIE root *ḱewh₁– (“to swell”), whence also κῦμα (kûma) and κῦρος (kûros), Sanskrit शवस् (śávas, “strength, power”), Proto-Iranian *cwáHdaH (“army”) and Proto-Celtic *kawaros (“hero”). One could also think of the κυδώνια (μᾶλα) (kudṓnia (mâla), “quinces”) and the Cretan toponym Κυδωνία (Kudōnía); mark the verb κυδωνιάω (kudōniáō, “to swell like quinces”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kŷː.dos/ → /ˈky.ðos/ → /ˈci.ðos/

Noun

κῦδος • (kûdos) n (genitive κῡ́δεος); third declension (Epic)

renown, glory

Declension

Third declension of κῦδος; κῡ́δεος (Epic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	κῦδος kûdos
Genitive	κῡ́δεος / κῡ́δευς kū́deos / kū́deus
Dative	κῡ́δει / κῡ́δεῐ̈ kū́dei / kū́deï
Accusative	κῦδος kûdos
Vocative	κῦδος kûdos
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

Ἀνδροκύδης (Androkúdēs)
Θουκῡδίδης (Thoukūdídēs)
κῡ́διστος (kū́distos)
Φερεκύδης (Pherekúdēs)

Descendants

English: kudos

References

κῦδος in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
κῦδος in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
κῦδος in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
κῦδος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
κῦδος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
κῦδος in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.

UWAGA!

(…) Also the Slavic connotation of “sorcery, magic” (as in Proto-Slavic *čudo) points to a Proto-Indo-European root *kewd–s– (“miraculous power”).

Tymi logicznymi inaczej ciekawostkami zajmę się w następnych wpisach.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AD%CF%89#Ancient_Greek

κοέω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to perceive, pay attention”). Cognate with κῦδος (kûdos), Latin caveō, Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Lithuanian kavoti (“safeguard, tend”), Old Armenian ցուցանեմ (cʿucʿanem, “I show”), Polish cześć (“glory”) and cud (“miracle”).

Verb

κοέω • (koéō)

to know, be aware

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Ἱπποκόων (Hippokóōn)
Κόων (Kóōn)
Λαοκόων (Laokóōn)

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit

कवि

Sanskrit

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kawHíṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káwHiš (“seer, saint, poet”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kowh₁is, from *(s)kewh₁– (“to observe, to perceive”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬎‎ (kauui), Ancient Greek κῦδος (kûdos), Latin caveō, Old Armenian ցուցանեմ (cʿucʿanem, “I show”) and English show.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐ.ʋí/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkɐ.ʋi/

Noun

कवि • (kaví) m

wise man, sage, seer, prophet
a singer, bard, poet
thinker, intelligent man, man of understanding, leader
(figurative) name of the gates of the sacrificial enclosure (compare कवष् (kaváṣ))

Declension

Masculine i-stem declension of कवि (kaví)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	कविः kavíḥ	कवी kavī́	कवयः kaváyaḥ
Vocative	कवे káve	कवी kávī	कवयः kávayaḥ
Accusative	कविम् kavím	कवी kavī́	कवीन् kavī́n
Instrumental	कविना / कव्या¹ kavínā / kavyā̀¹	कविभ्याम् kavíbhyām	कविभिः kavíbhiḥ
Dative	कवये / कव्ये² kaváye / kavyè²	कविभ्याम् kavíbhyām	कविभ्यः kavíbhyaḥ
Ablative	कवेः / कव्यः² kavéḥ / kavyàḥ²	कविभ्याम् kavíbhyām	कविभ्यः kavíbhyaḥ
Genitive	कवेः / कव्यः² kavéḥ / kavyàḥ²	कव्योः kavyóḥ	कवीनाम् kavīnā́m
Locative	कवौ kavaú	कव्योः kavyóḥ	कविषु kavíṣu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Less common

Descendants

→ Hindi: कवि (kavi)
→ Malay: kawi
→ Marathi: कवि (kavi)
→ Bengali: কবি (kôbi)
→ Telugu: కవి (kavi)
→ Kannada: ಕವಿ (kavi)
→ Thai: กวี (gà-wii)

Adjective

कवि • (kaví)

gifted with insight, intelligent, knowing, enlightened, wise, sensible, prudent, skilful, cunning

Declension

Masculine i-stem declension of कवि
Nom. sg.	कविः (kaviḥ)
Gen. sg.	कवेः (kaveḥ)

Feminine i-stem declension of कवि
Nom. sg.	कविः (kaviḥ)
Gen. sg.	कव्याः / कवेः (kavyāḥ / kaveḥ)

Neuter i-stem declension of कवि
Nom. sg.	कवि (kavi)
Gen. sg.	कविनः (kavinaḥ)

References

“कवि” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 114.
Monier Williams (1899) , “कवि”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 0264.
Arthur A. Macdonell, A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, 1893, page 065
Horace Hayman Wilson, A dictionary in Sanscrit and English, 2nd ed., Calcutta: Education Press, Circular Road, 1832, page 204

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/k%C3%A1wHi%C5%A1

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/káwHiš

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kówh₁is, from *(s)kewh₁– (“to perceive, observe”) +‎ *-is (deverbal noun suffix).

Noun

*káwHiš m

seer, poet
institutor of religious rites

Declension

masculine i-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*káwHiš	*káwHiH	*káwHayas
vocative	*káwHay	*káwHiH	*káwHayas
accusative	*káwHim	*káwHiH	*káwHīn, -īš
instrumental	*káwHiH	*káwHibʰyām	*káwHibʰiš
ablative	*káwHayš	*káwHibʰyām	*káwHibʰyas
dative	*káwHayay	*káwHibʰyām	*káwHibʰyas
genitive	*káwHayš	*káwHyawš	*káwHayām?
locative	*káwHā(w)?	*káwHyawš	*káwHišu

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *kawHíṣ
- Sanskrit: कवि (kaví, “poet, teacher of the Vedas”)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀇 (kaï)
  - Pali: kavi
Iranian: *káwHiš
- Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌‎ (kauui, “poet, bard”)
  - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (kd /kay/, “title of the dynasty of Wištāsp, Kayanian”)
    - Persian: کی‎ (kay)
- Parthian: 𐫞𐫀𐫇‎ (qʾw /kaw/, “prince, lord; giant”)
- Middle Persian: 𐫞𐫀𐫇‎ (qʾw /kaw/, “prince, lord; giant”)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (qwy, “giant”)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (kai, “heroic; ārya-monk”)
- → Old Armenian: սկայ (skay, “giant”)

Adjective

*káwHiš

insightful, wise

References

Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2013) , “KAYĀNIĀN i. Kavi: Avestan kauui, Pahlavi kay”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition‎^[1], New York
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) , “kaví (2964)”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Szemerényi, Oswald (1970) , “Iranica III (Nos. 32-43)”, in Mary Boyce, Ilya Gershevitch, editors, W.B. Henning memorial volume, London: Lund Humphries, page 426

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Aryan/kawH%C3%AD%E1%B9%A3&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Indo-Aryan/kawHíṣ.

UWAGA!

Powtarzam pytania ze wstępu:

Dlaczego postacie indo-irańskie, jak Proto-Indo-Aryan *kawHíṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káwHiš (“seer, saint, poet”), Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Avestan kauui wtórnie nie zsatemizowały / spalatalizowały / udźwięczniły się,.. skoro tak rzekomo zrobiły postacie jak Polish cześć (“glory”), czy cud (“miracle”)?

Przypominam, że wszystkie te wspomniane powyżej postacie mają ofitzjalnie rzekomo pochodzić z Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁– (“to heed, to perceive”).

Pytanie na podsumowanie:

Jak to jest więc możliwe, że te same rdzenie i dźwięki KW lub (S)+KW, raz rzekomo ofitzjalnie przekształcają się przez wtórne ubezdźwięcznienie w (c)HW lub (S/Z)+(c)HW, a innym razem nie przekształcają się wcale, by jeszcze innym razem rzekomo wtórnie udźwięcznić się do postaci CW , (S/Z)+CW lub CD, (S/Z)+CD, hm?

Powrócę do tego zagadnienia w kolejnych wpisach…

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kowh%E2%82%81is&action=edit&redlink=1

Wiktionary does not yet have a reconstruction page for Proto-Indo-European/(s)kowh₁is.

…..

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kewh%E2%82%81-

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kewh₁–

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)kewh₁-^[1]^[2]

to perceive
to observe

Derived terms

► Terms derived from the PIE root *(s)kewh₁-

*(s)kewsḱ-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ցոյց (cʿoycʿ)
*(s)kéwh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic: *čuti
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: чу́ять (čújatʹ)
    - South Slavic:
      - Bulgarian: чу́вам (čúvam)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        
        Cyrillic: чу̏ти
        
        Latin: čȕti
    - West Slavic:
      - Polish: czuć
      - Slovak: čuť
*(s)kuh₁-é-ti (thematic „tudati”-type root present)
- Indo-Iranian: *kuHáti
  - Indo-Aryan: *kuHáti
    - Sanskrit: आकुवते (ākuváte, “to intend”)
*(s)kowh₁-éye-ti (causative)
- Hellenic: *kowéjō
  - Ancient Greek: κοέω (koéō)
*(s)kewh₁-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Italic: *kawēō
  - Latin: caveō
*(s)kowh₁-is
- Indo-Iranian: *káwHiš
*(s)kowh₁-nis
- Germanic: *skauniz
*(s)kowh₁-os
- Germanic: *skawaz
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: θυο-σκόος (thuo-skóos)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian qyr < *kewira
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κῦδος (kûdos)
- Indo-Iranian: *ā́kuHtam
  - Indo-Aryan: *ā́kuHtam
    - Sanskrit: आकूत (ā́kūta)
- Germanic: *skawwōną
- Slavic: *skyvati (“to take a look at”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill
^ Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

…..

cdn…

Jedna uwaga do wpisu “272 Show, sceawian, schauen, sheen, caution, cautio, caveo, kûdos, κοέω, koéō, kaví i inne logiczne problemy ofitzjalnego jęsykosnaftzfa”

Pingback: 273 Kinąć, skinąć, skinienie, kidać, kiwka, kiwanie, kiwnąć, kiwać, ceveo, kować, skuwać, skuwanie, skuwka, zakuwać, zakuwanie, czuwanie, czuwać, чувам i inne logiczne problemy ofitzjalnego jęsykosnaftzfa | SKRBH

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Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xovati

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

show (język angielski)

show

English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Usage notes

Synonyms

Antonyms

Derived terms

See also

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

sceawian

Old English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

Descendants

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skawwōną

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Inflection

Related terms

Descendants

schauen (język niemiecki)

schauen

German

Etymology

From Middle High German schouwen, from Old High German scouwōn, from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną (“to look, see, watch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Old English scēawian (“to look at, examine, show”). Compare English show.

Pronunciation

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Synonyms

Further reading

UWAGA!

sheen (język angielski)

sheen

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Adjective

Derived terms

Noun

Derived terms

Verb

Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skaunī

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Adjective

Inflection

Descendants

References

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skauniz

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Inflection

Related terms

Derived terms

Descendants

References

UWAGA!

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skawaz

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Middle High German schouwen, from Old High German scouwōn, from Proto-Germanic skawwōną (“to look, see, watch”), from Proto-Indo-European (s)ḱew– (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Old English scēawian (“to look at, examine, show”). Compare English show.