300 Definicje powstawania języków PIE i Post-PIE wg SKRiBHa

Jak widać na załączonym powyżej obrazku, wg nowoczesnej, prusko-nazistowskiej nauki, tzw. ojczyzn tzw. Proto-Indo-Europejczyków było wiele! 😉 Żeby było ciekawiej, to wcale nie wszystkie one są tu zaznaczone, o nie! Porównaj np: https://tied.verbix.com/project/chron/chron.html

A żeby było jeszcze śmiszniej, no to przypominam i o hindutva i ich indyjskiej ojczyźnie tzw. PIE, jak i o Fielko-ruskich Słowianach z Antarktyki, itp…

…..

W tym wpisie, który jest ciągiem dalszym wpisów 299, 298, 297, jak i bardzo wielu wcześniejszych, zebrałem w jedną pigułkę wszystko to, co wiem w temacie tym, itp.

Pierwotnie upowszechniłem te dane w wersji angielskiej tu:

https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-pie-homeland-controversy-june-2021.html?showComment=1629812861271#c1763298311345031019

i w wersji polskiej tu:

297 Podsumowanie mojej wiedzy o Słowiańszczyźnie, chorych scytyjsko-sarmacko-tureckich fantazjach i ofitzjalnych przeciw-słowiańskich kłamstwach 01

Oto poniżej poprawiona jednocześnie dwujęzyczna wersja z odnośnikami na dodatkowe dane i ich źródła …

W skrócie, jeśli tzw. PIE ma związek z:

• metalami, górnictwem, kołem, wozem, itp., i pierwszymi grobami w postaci górek / kurhanów, itp., – no to rację mógłby mieć Diakonov i ojczyzną tzw. PIE byłyby Bałkany, (tyle że nie środkowe, jak zaznaczone na mapce powyżej, ale północne) (co nie wyjaśnia, ani nie przesądza niczego o tzw. PIE w GAC, czy wcześniej w Vinca, czy tym bardziej jeszcze wcześniej w tzw. EEF z Anatolii, itp),
• koniem, pasterstwem, a wcześniej z łowiectwem i zbieractwem i z EHG, WHG, ANE, itp, – no to ojczyzną tzw. PIE byłyby tereny północnej Eurazji, na zachód od jeziora Bajkał, patrz Mal’ta-Buret / Mal’ta Boy, Sungir, Kostenki / Kostyonki, Afontova Gora, itp.,
• rolnictwem i tzw. EEF z Anatolii, – no to logicznie ojczyzną tzw. PIE byłaby Anatolia i tzw. Żyzny Półksiężyc, przynajmniej ich jakaś część…

UWAGA! Do dziś dnia, nikt w sumie nie wie jak to było.

Ja stawiam na PIE, jako zmieszanie się języków Po-ANE, jak EHG, WHG z językiem lub tylko słownictwem EEF na północnych Bałkanach (Vinca), a następnie w południowo-wschodnich Karpatach (Cucuteni-Trypillia) i powstanie tam przemysłu wydobycia (górnictwo) i obróbki metali (kowalstwo i hutnictwo), a także pierwszych grobów w kształcie górek / kurhanów (Varna, Suvorovo).

Tzw. PIE mógł być jednakże językiem Euroazjatyckich Północnych Łowców-Zbieraczy, czyli EHG i WHG.., który zmieszał się, a właściwie zapożyczył od EEF słownictwo dotyczące rolnictwa, garncarstwa, itp., i wymyślił słownictwo dla przemysłu wydobycia (górnictwo) i obróbki metali (kowalstwo i hutnictwo), a także pierwszych grobów w kształcie górek / kurhanów (Varna, Suvorovo), na podstawie pierwotniejszego słownictwa z zakresu przyrody, jak pogoda, zwierzęta, rośliny, teren, kamienie, itp.

A co do wiarygodności twierdzeń współczesnej prusko-nazistowskiej nauki, w nawiązaniu do mojego podsumowania wszystkiego we wpisie 301, odsyłam tu:

https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html

…..

Zróbmy w końcu coś konstruktywnego i podsumujmy ten wątek.
Finally, let’s do something constructive and summarise this thread.

Ponownie proponuję ustalić protokół rozbieżności.
Again I propose to establish a discrepancy protocol.

Czy możesz opisać swoją wersję pochodzenia (miejsce, czas itp.) języków IE?
Can you describe your version of the origin (place, time, etc,) of the IE languages?

Poniżej znajdziesz moją wersję powstania PIE i Anatolian, S/Hellenic, Armenian, Celto-Italiic, Germanic, Indian (Vedic Sanskrit), Iranian (Avestan), Baltic, Slavic, Tocharian.
Below you will find my version of the formation of the PIE and Anatolian (Hittite), S/Hellenic, Armenian, Celto-Italic, Germanic, Indian (Vedic Sanskrit), Iranian (Avestan), Baltic, Slavic, Tocharian.

UWAGA! Nie twierdzę, że nie ma tam logicznych sprzeczności, szczególnie dotyczących EEMH, ANE, WHG, EHG, WSH, SHG, CHG, EEF, jako odpowiedzialnych za formowanie się języków.
Note! I am not saying that there are no logical contradictions there, especially regarding the EEMH, ANE, WHG, EHG, WSH, SHG, CHG, EEF as responsible for a formation of the languages.

Możliwości pochodzenia PIE są następujące:
The possibilities of the PIE’s origin are as follows:

1. EEMH,
2. ANE > EHG> WHG > SHG,
3. CHG > WSH,
4. EEF.

Wygląda, że ANE jest wszędzie, patrz:
It looks like ANE is everywhere, see:

WHG = ??%EEMH + ??%EHG/75%ANE

EHG (Haak 2015) = 75%ANE + 25%WHG (??%EEMH + ??%EHG/75%ANE)
EHG (Wang 2018) = 9%ANE + 91%NoWHG???

SHG = ??%WHG + ??%EHG
WSH = ??%EHG + ??%CHG
EEF = ??%WHG-??? + ??%CHG-???
CHG = ??%WHG (??%EEMH + ??%EHG/36% ANE) + 64%Dzudzuana???

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans#Genetics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423079v1

…..

PIE

Moja obecna wersja powstania PIE jest logicznie związana z pojawieniem się pierwszych kurhanów w Varna / Suvorovo, patrz:
My current version of formation of the PIE is logically related to the appearance of the first burial mounds / barrows / kurgans / Go’R+Ka / hill in Varna / Suvorovo, see:

https://www.academia.edu/30815005/Conflict_or_Coexistence_Steppe_and_Agricultural_Societies_in_the_Early_Copper_Age_of_the_Northwest_Black_Sea_Area
Conflict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area
Blagoje Govedarica

Wg tego założenia PIE byłby to język pierwszych budowniczych kurhanów z Varna / Suvorovo,.. a wcześniej Górników i Hutników / Kowali z Bałkanów z Vinca, Rudna Glava, czy Ai Bunar, itp.
According to this assumption, PIE would have been a language of the first builders of the hill barrows / kurgans from Varna / Suvorovo,… and even earlier a language of Miners / Górników, Metallurgists / Hutników and Blacksmiths / Kowali from the Balkans from Vinca, Rudna Glava, or Ai Bunar, etc.

The Oldest Copper Metallurgy in the Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudna_Glava
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture

Logicznie PIE byłby to język WHG Europejskich Leśnych Łowców I2, czyli tzw. Stara Europa, a nie EHG, WSH Hodowcy R1b, R1a ze stepu / laso-stepu, czy CHG / EEF Rolnicy G2, H, T, J, C1a2, E1b1.
Logically PIE would have been the original language of the WHG European Forest Hunters I2 i.e. Old Europeans, not the EHG, WSH Herders R1b, R1a from the steppe / forest-steppe, or the CHG / EEF Farmers G2, H, T, J, C1a2, E1b1.

Rdzenie PIE byłyby jednocześnie oboczne (‘satem’ i ‘centum/kentum’), a sam PIE byłby językiem syntetycznym / fleksyjnym.
The PIE stems/roots would have been simultaneously alternated (‘satem’ and ‘centum/kentum’) and PIE itself would have been a synthetic / inflectional language.

PIE mógł być jednak mieszanką języków i słownictwa:
However, PIE could have been a mixture of languages and vocabulary of:

• WHG Proto-PIE Łowców / Górników / Hutników / Kowali, czyli Stara Europa ze wschodnich Bałkanów, np. vehicle / Wóz / Wo’Z, wheel / Koło / KoL”o, Kółko / Ko’L”+Ko, gold / Złoty / ZL”oTy>(Z)+aLTay,
  WHG Proto-PIE Hunters / Miners / Metallurgists / Blacksmiths, i.e. Old Europeans from the Eastern Balkans, e.g. vehicle / wóz / Wo’Z, wheel / koło / KoL”o, Kółko / Ko’L”+Ko, gold / złoty / ZL”oTy > (Z)+aLTay,
• ze słownictwem Rolników EEF, np. ???,
  with the vocabulary of EEF Farmers, e.g. ???,
• Hodowców EHG, WSH, np. horse / equus / Kuc / Ko’C, Kłusak / K+L”o’S+aK, Klacz / K+LaC”.
  EHG, WSH Herders, e.g. horse / equus / Kuc / Ko’C, Kłusak / K+L”oS+aK, Klacz / K+LaC”.
• Ta mieszanka mogła zapoczątkować kultury Varna i Suvorovo.
  This mixture could have formed Varna and Suvorovo cultures.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvorovo_culture

Post-PIE

Następnie wraz z technologią wydobycia, wytopu i obróbki żółtych / złotych i brązowych metali jak złoto / złoty / ZL”oTy > Z+Altay, miedź / MieDz’ i brąz / BRa”Z,, ta elita technologiczna przekazałaby swój język dalej na step, w tym i do kultur Sredny Stog, CWC i Yamna, czy późnej Cucuteni–Trypillia.
Then, along with the technology of mining, smelting and processing yellow / gold and brown metals such as gold / złoty / ZL”oTy > Z+Altay, copper / Miedź / MieDz’ and bronze / Brąz / BRa”Z, this technological elite would have transferred its language to the steppe / forest-steppe, including Sredny Stog, CWC, Yamna and late Cucuteni– Trypillia cultures.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodanilovka_group
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture

Mapka poniżej opisuje stan Post-Yamna, zawiera ona jednak kilka błędów, patrz CWC, Fatyanovo, Abrashevo, Sintashta, Andronovo powstałe z Yamna, itp.
The map below describes the Post-Yamna state, but it has some errors, see CWC, Fatyanovo, Balanovo, Abashevo, Sintashta, Andronovo allegedly arising from Yamna, etc.

Tradycja budowy kurhanów może wskazywać na tzw. dialect continuum od Varna, Suvorowo, Sredny Stog, Yamna, CWC, Fatyanovo, Abrashevo, Sintashta do Andronovo.
The tradition of barrows / mounds / kurgans building may indicate the so-called dialect continuum from Varna, Suvorowo, Sredny Stog, Yamna, CWC, Fatyanovo, Balanovo, Abashevo, Sintashta to Andronovo.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages

UWAGA! Brak jest wymienionego NIE substratu w Proto-Slavic i Proto-Baltic!
Note! There is no NIE substrate listed in Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic!

Anatolian (Hittite)

EEF + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + Hurrian NIE podkład językowy / substrat?
EEF + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + Hurrian NIE substrate?

Hetycki jest już wtórnie ubezdźwięczniony wobec języka CWC (+H / rzekome tzw. larygnały). Dźwięki hetyckie zapisywane jako h/+H, to wtórne NIE ubezdźwięcznienie powstałe z Hurrian substrate.
Anatolian (Hittite) already was secondarily distorted and devoiced in comparison to CWC language (+H / alleged so-called laryngeals). Hittite sounds written as h/+H was a description of a secondary devoicing generated by Hattic or Hurrian NIE substrates.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_theory

https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Cernavod%C4%83
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usatovo_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Hittite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattic_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni

S/Hellenic

EEF + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + Post-BMAC? + Minoan / Anatolian NIE podkłady językowe / substraty?
EEF + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + Post-BMAC? + Minoan / Anatolian NIE substrates?

S/Hellenic dialekty były już wtórnie ubezdźwięcznione wobec języka CWC (-W, S>H>?, +H, B/P>PH).
S/Hellenic dialects already were secondarily distorted and devoiced in comparison to CWC language (-W, S>H>?, +H, B/P>PH).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate

Armenian

EEF + WHG + CHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-BMAC? Proto-Kartvelian lub/i Urartian NIE podkłady językowe / substraty?
EEF + WHG + CHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-BMAC? Proto-Kartvelian or/and Urartian NIE substrates?

Armienian jest wtórnie bardzo zniekształcony / ubezdźwięczniony wobec języka CWC, patrz:
The Armienian language was secondarily very distorted and devoiced in comparison to CWC language (P>H, G>J, D>T, T>D, S>H, -W/P/?).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language#Phonological_development_of_Proto-Armenian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartian_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Armenian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Aryan

Celto-Italian

EEF + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-CWC + Post-Bell Beakers, NIE jakby vasconic / kartvelian podłoża językowe / substraty? + (jakby semicki adstrat ???)?
EEF + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-CWC + Post-Bell Beakers, NIE Vasconic / Kartvelian like substrates? + (Semitic like adstrate ???)?

Celto-Italian są wtórnie bardzo zniekształcone / ubezdźwięcznione wobec języka CWC (P>KW/L”, D>F, itp.)
Celto-Italian languages were secondarily very distorted and devoiced in comparison to CWC language, (P>KW/L”, D>F, itp.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Celtic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis

Germanic

EEF + WHG + SHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-CWC + Post-Bell Beakers + GAC/TRB?, NIE jakby „vasconic” / kartwelskie? podłoże językowe / substrat + (jakby semicki adstrat ???) = „lingua franca” z „rzymskiego pogranicza północno-wschodniego”?
EEF + WHG + SHG + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna + Post-CWC + Post-Bell Beakers + GAC/TRB?, NIE Vasconic / kartvelian like substrate? + (Semitic like adstrate ???) = ‘lingua franca’ of ‘north-eastern Roman borderland’?

Germanic były wtórnie bardzo zniekształcone / ubezdźwięcznione wobec języka CWC (D>T, T>D, S>H, K>K/G, G>K, B>P, B/P>F)
Germanic languages/dialects were secondarily very distorted and devoiced in comparison to CWC language, (D>T, T>D, S>H, K>H/G, G>K, B>P, B/P>F).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis

Indian (Vedic Sanskrit)

EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna? + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + Post-BMAC? + NIE Harappan podłoże językowe / substrat.
EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna? + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + Post-BMAC? + NIE Harappan substrate.

Słowiańska, a nie indo-irańska etymologia dla Z+Altay dowodzi, że Proto-Indo-Iranian nie mógł wykształcić się wcześniej w Fatianovo, Abrashevo, Balanovo, Sintashta, ale dopiero w późniejszej fazie Andronovo lub dopiero w BMAC, patrz:
Slavic, not Indo-Iranian etymology for Z+Altay proves that the Proto-Indo-Iranian could not have developed earlier in Fatianovo, Balanovo, Abashevo, Sintashta, but only later in Andronovo or only in BMAC, see:

‘It has nothing to do with the Iranian languages, see L>R, Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”), Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰárHiṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárHiš, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”), cognate with Avestan (zairi) Sanskrit हिरण्य (hiraṇya), Avestan (zarańiia, “gold”), etc.’

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappan_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages

Vedic Sanskrit był wtórnie ubezdźwięczniony wobec języka CWC (L>R, +H, itp.).
The Vedic Sanskrit was secondarily distorted and devoiced in comparison to CWC language (L>R, +H, etc.).

UWAGA! Porównaj jednoczesne polskie / słowiańskie oboczności satem i centum/kentum, które opublikuję w następnych komentarzach.
Note! Compare Polish / Slavic simultaneous ‘satem’ and ‘centum/kentum’ alternations, which I am going to publish soon in the following posts.

Iranian (Avestan)

EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna? + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + NIE Post-BMAC/Yaz + Elamite podłoża językowe / substraty?
EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH / Post-Yamna? + Post-Sredny Stog + Post-CWC + NIE Post-BMAC/Yaz + Elamite substrates?

Avestan logiczną odwrotnością Vedic Sanskrit, patrz np. deva, itp. Jest on jeszcze bardziej zniekształcony i ubezdźwięczniony niż Vedic Sanskrit, czyli musiał powstać dużo później, gdzieś poniżej BMAC / Yaz lub już na Wyżynie Irańskiej, jako kolejne zniekształcenie już częściowo zniekształconej postaci Vedic Sanskrit (L>R, S>H, +H, +F, P/B>F, G/Z>J, itp.).
Iranian (Avestan) is a logical reverse of Vedic Sanskrit, see e.g. deva, etc. It is even more distorted and devoiced than Vedic Sanskrit, i.e. it must have been formed much later, somewhere below BMAC / Yaz or already in the Iranian Plateau, as another distortion of the already partially distorted form of Vedic Sanskrit (L> R, S>H, +H, +F, P/B>F, G/Z>J, etc.).

historical, geographical and cultural background Avestan within Indo Iranian, cultures and archaeolo

Similarities Between Sanskrit and Persian

UWAGA! Możliwe podłoża językowe NIE BMAC/Yaz lub/i elamickie w języku Proto-Irańskim.
NOTE! Possible NIE BMAC/Yaz or/and Elamite substrates in Proto-Iranian.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language

Baltic

EEF? + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-CWC + Ugro-Finnic N1c / NIE Post-Seima Turbino adstrat???
EEF? + WHG + EHG, WSH / Post-CWC + Ugro-Finnic N1c / NIE Post-Seima Turbino adstrate???

Brak większości słowiańskich końcówek i NIE podkładu językowego / substratu w j. bałtyckich!?
The majority of Slavic sufixes and NIE substrate do not exist in Baltic languages!?

Slavic

EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH, Post-Suvorovo, Post-Sredny Stog, Post-CWC + GAC/TRB?
EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH, Post-Suvorovo, Post-Sredny Stog, Post-CWC + GAC/TRB?

Brak NIE substrate w Proto-Slavic, czy j. polskim!!!
There is not NIE substrate in Proto-Slavic or Polish!?

UWAGA! Brak rzekomych irańskich / scyto-sarmacko-alańsko-osetyjskich genetyczych i językowych zapożyczeń w Proto-Slavic, czy j. polskim!!!
NOTE! There are not any alleged Iranian / Scythian-Sarmatian-Alanian-Ossetian genetic and linguistic borrowings in Proto-Slavic or Polish!!!

Tocharian

EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH?, Post-Yamna / Afanasievo? + Post-CWC? + NIE miejscowe Asiatic podkłady językowe / substraty / adstraty?
EEF? + WHG? + EHG, WSH?, Post-Yamna / Afanasievo? + Post-CWC? + NIE local Asiatic substrates / adstrates?

UWAGA! Sporadycznie zachowane postacie dźwięczne!
NOTE! Sporadically preserved ‘satem’ forms!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languages

Pytania:
Questions:

1.
Co z NIE Basques 100% Post-Yamna + Post-Bell Beakers + ???
What about NIE Basques 100% Post-Yamna + Post-Bell Beakers + ???

2.
Co z Aria R1b Yamna z kurganu z Kutuluk?
What about Aria R1b Yamna from Kutuluk kurgan?

3.
Co z wtórnymi ubezdźwięcznieniami, np +H, S>H, B/P>PH/F, -W, D/T>T/D, itp.?
What about secondary devoicings, e.g. +H, S>H, B>P, B/P>PH/F, -W, D>T, T>D, K>H/G, G>K, etc.?

Dane do porównania:
Data to compare:

https://www.academia.edu/30815005/Conflict_or_Coexistence_Steppe_and_Agricultural_Societies_in_the_Early_Copper_Age_of_the_Northwest_Black_Sea_Area
Conflict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area
Blagoje Govedarica
file:///C:/Users/Me/Downloads/p81_91_MJuV_Govedarica.pdf

The Oldest Copper Metallurgy in the Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudna_Glava
https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/4504/1/M.V.Videiko15-38.pdf
http://www.cimec.ro/Arheologie/gumelnita/gumelnita_engl/3arii/1/Pandrea.htm
http://www.academia.edu/28245374/The_Copper_Age_Settlement_of_Kartal_in_Orlovka_Southwest_Ukraine_
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272650992_Late_Neolithic_cultural_elements_from_the_Danube_and_Carpathian_regions_of_Precucuteni_-_Trypillia_A_culture

The history of the simplistic ‘haplogroup R1a — Indo-European’ association

R1b-rich earliest Corded Ware, a Yamnaya-related vector of Indo-European languages

https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/krellthesis.html

Krell’s PIE Homeland Thesis

Kathrin Susanne Krell, a graduate student at U. of Ottawa, wrote a master’s thesis in 1994, entitled Modern Indo-European Homeland Hypotheses: A critical examination of linguistic arguments. In it, she examines the lists of words used by Gimbutas and others in formulating the Kurgan hypothesis, which is to say the idea that the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European lived a pastoral life on the steppes north of the Black Sea, and imposed their language on the people of Europe as well as India and the Middle East primarily by means of invasion. They presumably had domesticated the horse, which provided them with a military power that few could resist. Krell suggested that, when Gimbutas and others had selected reconstructed words in PIE to support their theory, they ignored other words that contradicted or limited their theory.

In support of the Kurgan steppe hypothesis, there are words for horse, cow, pig, goat, and sheep, as well as words for piglet, lamb, and cattle; words for riding, milking, wool, and possibly for breaking a horse; and words for wheel, hub, axle, and transport by vehicle. All these would support the idea of a pastoral society.

But there are also words for grain, barley, kernel, broad beans, axes, milling, grinding, sowing, reaping, gathering, plowing, and fields for plowing, which suggest an agricultural society.

In addition, missing from Gimbutas’ analysis are the words for ducks, geese, cranes, salmon, and eels, which are not your typical steppes creatures, words for ships and rowing, likewise not as likely for a pastoral culture, and words for ore, gold, and silver, even though Gimbutas insists that the Kurgan people only knew copper.

The Anatolian hypothesis fits a little better in some ways, But the big problem for the Anatolian hypothesis is that it is dated as beginning around 7000 bc, rather than 4000 bc, which is the earliest likely date for both the domestication of the horse and the invention of the wheeled chariot.

Krell concludes that, while there is certainly some support in the vocabulary for the Kurgan theory, Diakonov’s Balkan Theory (1985) fits far better.

Word list (PIE words simplified):

*horse – ekwo-
*cow – gwou-
*cattle – peku
*pig, swine – su-
*young pig, piglet – porko-
*sheep/ewe – owi-
*lamb – agwhno-
*goat – aigi-
*dog – kwon-
*boar – epero-
*deer/elk – elen-
*wolf – ulkwos
*fox – ulp-
*hare – kas-
*bear – rkto-
*beaver – bhibhru

*duck – anətis
*goose – ghans-
*crane – gerənos
*salmon – laks-
*eel/snake – angwi-
*eagle/large bird – or-
*bee – bhei-

*oak – deru-
*acorn – gwel-
*birch – bherəg-
*beech – bhago-
*elm – elm-
*apple – abelo-
*spelt/grass/wheat – puro-
*millet – meli

*ash tree – osno-
*barley 1 – gherzd-
*barley 2 – bhare-
*legume/broad bean – bhabha-
*flax – lino-
*maple tree – akero-

*to break a horse – domə-
*to ride – reidh-
*to milk – melg-
*wool – wlna
*to protect, feed – pa-

*field for cultivation – agro-
*grain – yewo-
*kernel – grno-
*hand mill – gwerna
*to sow, seed – se-
*to mow, to reap – me-
*to gather, to pluck – kerp-
*to grind 1 – mel-
*to grind 2 – ghrendh-
*to plow – ar-
*ax – aksi-

*wheel – kwekwlo-
*to go or transport in a vehicle – wegh-
*wheel hub, navel – nobh-
*yoke – yugom
*axle – aks-

*copper – ayes-
*ore – oro-
*gold – ghel-
*silver – arg-

*ship – nau-
*oar, to row – erə-
*mast – mazdos

© C. George Boeree 2013

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/indoeuropean.html
Dr. C. George Boeree. The Evolution of the Indo-European Languages

Indo European Phonology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharian_languages#Comparison_to_other_Indo-European_languages

Tocharian_languages#Comparison_to_other_Indo-European_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans#Genetics

(…) Early European modern humans (EEMH) or Cro-Magnons were the first early modern humans (Homo sapiens) to settle in Europe, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 48,000 years ago. They interacted and interbred with the indigenous Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis), who went extinct 40 to 35 thousand years ago; and from 37,000 years ago onwards, all EEMH descended from a single founder population which contributes ancestry to present-day Europeans. EEMH produced Upper Palaeolithi cultures, the first major one being the Aurignacian, which was succeeded by the Gravettian by 30,000 years ago. The Gravettian split into the Epi-Gravettian in the east and Solutrean in the west, due to major climate degradation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), peaking 21,000 years ago. As Europe warmed, the Solutrean evolved into the Magdalenian by 20,000 years ago, and these peoples recolonised Europe. The Magdalenian and Epi-Gravettian gave way to Mesolithic cultures as big game animals were dying out and the Last Glacial Period drew to a close.
(…)
Haplogroups identified in EEMH are the patrilineal (from father to son) Y-DNA haplogroups IJ, C1, and K2a; and matrilineal (from mother to child) mt-DNA haplogroup N, R, and U. Y-haplogroup IJ descended from Southwest Asia. Haplogroup I emerged about 35 to 30 thousand years ago, either in Europe or West Asia. Mt-haplogroup U5 arose in Europe just prior to the LGM, between 35 and 25 thousand years ago. The 14,000 year old Villabruna 1 skeleton from Ripari Villabruna, Italy, is the oldest identified bearer of Y-haplogroup R1b (R1b1a-L754* (xL389,V88)) found in Europe, likely brought in from Near Eastern introgression. The Azilian „Bichon man” skeleton from the Swiss Jura was found to be associated with the WHG lineage. He was a bearer of Y-DNA haplogroup I2a and mtDNA haplogroup U5b1h. (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian

(…) Genomic studies also indicate that ANE was introduced to Western Europe by way of the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic. The ANE genetic component is making up the majority of the Yamnaya people. It is also reported in modern-day Europeans (25%–50%, directly from the Yamnaya), but not of Europeans predating the Bronze Age. Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.

Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians

Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly (75%) from ANE. It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. This lineage is closely related to the ANE sample from Afontova Gora, dated c. 18 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated West from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well.

Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) is represented by the Satsurblia individual dated ~13 kya (from the Satsurblia cave in Georgia), and carried 36% ANE-derived admixture. While the rest of their ancestry is derived from the Dzudzuana cave individual dated ~26 kya, which lacked ANE-admixture, Dzudzuana affinity in the Caucasus decreased with the arrival of ANE at ~13 kya Satsurblia.

Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at Motala, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from Western Hunter-Gatherers who initially settled Scandinavia from the south, and later populations of EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of Norway.

Iran Neolithic (Iran_N) individuals dated ~8.5 kya carried 50% ANE-derived admixture and 50% Dzudzuana-related admixture, marking them as different from other Near-Eastern and Anatolian Neolithics who didn’t have ANE admixture. Iran Neolithics were later replaced by Iran Chalcolithics, who were a mixture of Iran Neolithic and Near Eastern Levant Neolithic.

Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB lineage diverged from the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago.

West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSG) are a specific archaeogenetic lineage, first reported in a genetic study published in Science in September 2019. WSGs were found to be of about 30% EHG ancestry, 50% ANE ancestry, and 20% East Asian ancestry.

Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic-Caspian steppe.[a] This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry. (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer

(…) Lazaridis et al. (2014) identified Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) as a distinct ancestral component. They were found to have contributed ancestry to all modern Europeans, including Early European Farmers (EEF), who were however mostly of Anatolian descent. They suggested that WHGs separated from eastern Eurasians around 40,000 BC, and from Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) around 22,000 BC.
(…)
Lazaridis et al. (2015) found that WHGs were a mix of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) and the Upper Paleolithic people (Cro-Magnon) of the Grotte du Bichon in Switzerland. EHGs in turn derived 75% of their ancestry from ANEs. Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHGs) were found to be a mix of EHGs and WHGs. (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer

(…) In archaeogenetics, the term Eastern Hunter-Gatherer, East European Hunter-Gatherer, or Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Eastern Europe. The term is abbreviated as EHG. During the Mesolithic, the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and downwards to the Pontic-Caspian steppe.[1]

According to a study by Haak et al. (2015), EHGs have about 75% Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) and 25% WHG descent, and to have contributed significantly to the ancestry of the WHGs and SHGs (a mixture of WHG and EHG). Wang et al. (2018) models EHGs as 9% ANE and 91% descended from a group more closely related to but distinct from WHGs.[4] During the Neolithic and early Eneolithic, EHGs on the Pontic-Caspian steppe formed the Yamnaya culture, after some admixture with Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHGs).[5] The genetic cluster formed from this admixture is known as Western Steppe Herder (WSH). (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer

(…) Genetic studies suggest that the SHGs were a mix of Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs) initially populating Scandinavia from the south during the Holocene, and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs), who later entered Scandinavia from the north along the Norwegian coast. During the Neolithic, they admixed further with Early European Farmers (EEFs) and Western Steppe Herders (WSHs). (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders

(…) In archaeogenetics, the term Western Steppe Herders (WSH), or Western Steppe Pastoralists, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic-Caspian steppe.[a] This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya Ancestry, Yamnaya-Related Ancestry, Steppe Ancestry or Steppe-Related Ancestry. WSHs are considered descended from Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) who admixed with Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHGs) during the Neolithic. The Y-DNA of the WSHs was mostly types of R1a-M417 and R1b-M269. (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer

(…) The CHG lineage descended from a population that split off the base Western Eurasian lineage very early, around 45,000 years ago, that descended separately to Ust’-Ishim man, Oase1 and European hunter-gatherers; and separated from the „Early Anatolian Farmers” (EAF) lineage later, at 25,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum. (…)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers

(…) Ancestors of EEFs are believed to have split off from Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs) around 43,000 BC, and to have split from Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers (CHGs) around 23,000 BC. They appear to have migrated from Anatolia to the Balkans in large numbers during the 7th millennium BC, where they almost completely replaced the WHGs. The Y-DNA of EEFs was typically types of haplogroup G2a, and to a lesser extent H, T, J, C1a2 and E1b1, while their mtDNA was diverse. (…)

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423079v1

(…) Surprisingly, the Dzudzuana population was more closely related to early agriculturalists from western Anatolia ∼8 thousand years ago than to the hunter-gatherers of the Caucasus from the same region of western Georgia of ∼13-10 thousand years ago. Most of the Dzudzuana population’s ancestry was deeply related to the post-glacial western European hunter-gatherers of the ‘Villabruna cluster’, but it also had ancestry from a lineage that had separated from the great majority of non-African populations before they separated from each other, proving that such ‘Basal Eurasians’ were present in West Eurasia twice as early as previously recorded. (…)