http://www.vera-eisenmann.com/dereivka-photos
Oto kolejna część wiadomości o tzw. kulturze Sredny Stog, a właściwie o jej najbardziej znanym stanowisku archeologicznym zwanym Dereivka. Proszę zwrócić uwagę na strzałki, które wskazują skąd pojawili się w tym miejscu ludzie z haplogrupą R1a… Jak widać nie jest to południe… 🙂 Dodatkowo pragnę zwrócić uwagę na to, jak bardzo zawężony został obszar występowania rzek, których nazwy mają słowiański źródłosłów…
Przypominam, że to nie jest prawda, co twierdzą różni tacy jedni uprzedzeni przeciw-słowiańsko, jakoby Słowianie nie znali słów odpowiadających tzw. PIE… hm… zaraz zaraz… o co tu chodzi? Sami zobaczcie…
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horse
(…)Etymology 1
From Middle English horse, hors, from Old English hors (“horse”), metathesis from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sos (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European*ḱers- (“to run”). (…)
Etymology 2
Unknown (…)
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=horse
horse (n.) „solidungulate perissodactyl mammal of the family Equidæ and genus Equus” [Century Dictionary], Old English hors „horse,” from Proto-Germanic *hursa- (source also of Old Norse hross, Old Frisian, Old Saxon hors, Middle Dutch ors, Dutch ros, Old High German hros, German Roß „horse”), of unknown origin, connected by some with PIE root *kurs-, source of Latin currere „to run” (see current (adj.)).
The usual Indo-European word is represented by Old English eoh, Greek hippos, Latin equus, from PIE *ekwo- „horse” (see equine). In many other languages, as in English, this root has been lost in favor of synonyms, probably via superstitious taboo on uttering the name of an animal so important in Indo-European religion. For the Romanic words (French cheval, Spanish caballo) see cavalier (n.); for Dutch paard, German Pferd, see palfrey; for Swedish häst, Danish hest see henchman. As plural Old English had collective singular horse as well as horses, in Middle English also sometimes horsen, but horses has been the usual plural since 17c. (…)
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=equine&allowed_in_frame=0
equine (adj.) 1765, from Latin equinus „of a horse, of horses; of horsehair,” from equus „horse,” from PIE root *ekwo- „horse” (source also of Greek hippos, Old Irish ech, Old English eoh, Gothic aihwa-, Sanskrit açva-, Avestan aspa-, Old Church Slavonic ehu-, all meaning „horse”).
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equus#Latin
(…)Etymology
From Proto-Italic *ekwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), Persian اسب (æsb), Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Tocharian B yakwe, Gaulish epos. (…)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81%C3%A9%E1%B8%B1wos
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éḱwos
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective *h₁eḱus (“quick, swift”), also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), Latin ōcior (“faster”) and Sanskrit आशु (āśú, “fast, quick”) (all < PIE *h₁oh₁ḱus (“swift”)). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”), thus denoting „that which has swiftness” or „the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources:
- Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from North Caucasian, since there are no known Nostratic cognates; compare Kabardian шы (šə), Abkhaz аҽы (āčə), Avar чу (ču), Karata ичва (ičʷa, “mare”), Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”) etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.
- Bomhard connects it to Proto-Altaic *èk‘á (“to move quickly, to rage”) with the original meaning not „the swift one” but „the spirited, violent, fiery, or wild one”, both deriving from Proto-Nostratic root *ʔekʰ- „to move quickly, to rage; to be furious, raging, violent, spirited, fiery, wild”
The original thematic form is also disputed – according to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which point Anatolian reflexes which presume Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu-, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE *h₁eḱwo- could yield PAnat. *h₁eḱu-, and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE *h₁eḱwo- would have yielded PAnat. *h₁éḱu- through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu- reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which is a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is one of the evidences supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. The original paradigm was probably thus *h₁éḱ-u-s, *h₁éḱ-u-m, *h₁ḱ-u-és, from the stem *h₁eḱ-u- (“swift”).
Noun
*h₁éḱwos m (non-ablauting)[4]
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *h₁éḱwos | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *h₁éḱwoes |
| vocative | *h₁éḱwe | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *h₁éḱwoes |
| accusative | *h₁éḱwom | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *h₁éḱwons |
| genitive | *h₁éḱwosyo | *? | *h₁éḱwooHom |
| ablative | *h₁éḱwead | *? | *h₁éḱwomos |
| dative | *h₁éḱwoey | *? | *h₁éḱwomos |
| locative | *h₁éḱwey, *h₁éḱwoy | *? | *h₁éḱwoysu |
| instrumental | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *? | *h₁éḱwōys |
Synonyms
Descendants
- Anatolian: *ʔeḱu-
- Hittite: (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us, /ekkus/) (only attested with Sumerogram)
- Luwian:
- Cuneiform Luwian: (ANŠE.KUR.RA-us, /aššus, azzus/)
- Hieroglyphic Luwian: EQUUSásù(wa)
- Lycian: (esbe)
- Armenian:
- Balto-Slavic:
- Celtic: *ekʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *ehwaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic: *íkkʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas (see there for further descendants)
- Italic: *ekwos
- Phrygian: [script needed] (es’)
- Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)
- Tocharian: *yä́kwë
References
- ^ Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press
- ^ Kloekhorst 2008:239
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill
- ^ EIEC p. 273
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 301
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16092-7, page 10
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 273f
- Allan R. Bomhard, Proto-Indo-European ‘Horse’ From a Nostratic Perspective, Charleston, SC, USA (PDF, edu)
- Sergei Kulanda (2008), Лошадь в праиндоевропейском, – Orientalia et Classica XIX: Аспекты компаративистики 3. Москва, pages 669-678.
- Nikolayev, S. L.; Starostin, S. A. (1994) A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary[1], Moscow: Asterisk Publishers, page 520
- Ranko Matasović (2012), Areal Typology of Proto-Indo-European: The Case for Caucasian Connections. Transactions of the Philological Society, Volume 110, Issue 2, pages 283–310
Czyli co… ten tzw. PIE miał na określenie KL”oS+aKa, KL”aC”y, Ko”Ca,.. kilka różnych słów, jak *h₁éḱwos albo *ekwo-, albo *ḱr̥sos, albo *kurs-,.. nie zapominajc, o *h₁eḱus, czy *h₁oh₁ḱus,.. czyli słowiańskim SoKoLe i tzw. rough breathing wymianie dźwięku tzw. PIE zapisywanego znakiem S na późniejszy zapisywany znakiem H?!! 🙂 LOL „:-)
Pisanie o tym, że te fszystkie ałtorytety nie znajo słowiańskich słów, jak te powyżej jest już straszliwie nudne, bo pisałem już o tym wiele razy…
…ale jak widać już czas, żeby napisać o tym znów, bo ilość mondrość poświęconych temu zagadnieniu gwałtownie wzrasta, jak trujące grzyby po deszczu…
A,.. strona poświęcona Dereivce nie występuje na wikipedii w języku polskim… no bo i po co, nieprawdaż? 😦 Czytaj dalej
SKRBH 