Brahma-Indian deity with four faces
…..
Najpierw aktualizacja 08/04/2020, a dopiero potem coś Pra-Słowiańskiego dla porównania.
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99towit
Świętowit (połabskie: Svątevit; prawdop. od „święty” – dawniej tyle co „potężny” i „wit” – „pan”) – główne bóstwo czczone przez plemię Słowian połabskich – Ranów, zamieszkujące na wyspie Rugii w grodzie Arkona. Relacja duńskiego kronikarza Saxo Gramatyka zawarta w dziele Gesta Danorum podaje, że w tamtejszej świątyni przedstawiać boga miał posąg olbrzymiej, antropomorficznej istoty o czterech twarzach. (…)
Nie będę jednak tego zagadnienia teraz rozwijał. Myślę, że kto miał coś zrozumieć, ten już zrozumiał…
W tym i kilku kolejnych wpisach zestawię trochę nowych danych, związanych z kolejnym źródłosłowem dla słów PoRT, FoRD, PRaH, itp. Nawiązuję tu do wpisów nr 235, 234, 233, 232 i wcześniejszych.
Na początku taka zagadka. Ktoś może wie, o jakim Pra-Słowiańskim słowie jest mowa poniżej?
Thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰos, from the root *bʰerǵʰ–. However, the *g found in Slavic is not the expected outcome of PIE *ǵʰ, which would be *z. Therefore, the word may have been borrowed from another language, such as Germanic or a Venetic-Illyrian language.
Prawdopodobnie pochodzi z Proto-Indo-Europejskiego *bʰerǵʰos, z rdzenia *bʰerǵʰ–. Jednak *g znalezione w słowiańskim nie jest oczekiwanym wynikiem PIE *ǵʰ, który byłaby *z. Dlatego słowo to mogło być zapożyczone z innego języka, takiego jak germański lub wenecko-iliryjski.
Zagadkę wyjaśnię w następnym wpisie, a teraz zadam jedno proste pytanie:
Widać ofitzjalnie odtfoszony dźwięk tzw. PIE tzw. miękkie *g’,.. i rzekomo również pierwotny dźwięk zapisywany znakiem h?
Jeśli widać, to proszę odnaleźć te dźwięki w poniższych przykładach, szczególnie w słowach tzw. atestowanych w najstarszych językach tzw. indo-europejskich. Dziwne, ponieważ jakoś poza słowami wziętymi z sanskrytu, no to jakoś ich nigdzie nie widać…
Tu trochę oszukałem. Tego tzw. miękkiego *g’, a szczególnie *g’h nie można przecież zobaczyć. To drugie rzekomo ofitzjalnie albo „połączyło” się z *g’, w językach tzw. centum, albo przeszło w dźwięk zapisywany znakiem Z, Z’, Z”, w językach tzw. satem…
Tyle tylko że to, jak i ten przetłumaczony tekst powyżej, to zwyczajna bujda jest, co udowodnię w tym i następnych wpisach.
Dodatkowo widać wtórność dźwięków tzw. PIE e/o > indo-irańskie i inne a?
Widać, że sanskrycki BRaH+Ma był wcześniej BReG+Ma”, a nie np. BReJ/Z+Ma”?!!
Tymczasem twierdzę, że:
podstawa do odtfaszania dźwięków ofitzjalnie odtfaszanych jako np. *gʷʰ, *gʰ, *ǵʰ, itp, jest wtórne ubezdźwięcznienie, atestowane (czyli rzeczywiście występujące) tylko w sanskrycie, może to być zapisane jako: +H i G>H,
ofitzjalne odtfoszenia, jak np: *ǵ, *ǵʰ, *bʰerǵʰ–, itp., podział na tzw. centum i satem, teoria laryngalna, itp., czyli w sumie całe to ofitzjalne jęsukosnaftzfo, to jedno wielkie nielogiczne krętactwo,
pierwotna oboczność Pra-Słowiańskich rdzeni i słów jest udowodnionym faktem.
Przypomnę jeszcze raz to:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages
Centum and satem languages
Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of „K” and „G” type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) developed.
An example of the different developments is provided by the words for „hundred” found in the early attested Indo-European languages. In centum languages, they typically began with a /k/ sound (Latin centum was pronounced with initial /k/), but in satem languages, they often began with /s/ (the example satem comes from the Avestan language of Zoroastrian scripture).
The table below shows the traditional reconstruction of the PIE dorsal consonants, with three series, but according to some more recent theories there may actually have been only two series or three series with different pronunciations from those traditionally ascribed.
In centum languages, the palatovelars, which included the initial consonant of the „hundred” root, merged with the plain velars. In satem languages, they remained distinct, and the labiovelars merged with the plain velars.[1]
*kʷ | *gʷ | *gʷʰ | labiovelars | Merged in satem languages | |
Merged in centum languages | *k | *g | *gʰ | plain velars | |
*ḱ | *ǵ | *ǵʰ | palatovelars | Assibilated in satem languages |
The centum–satem division forms an isogloss in synchronic descriptions of Indo-European languages.
It is no longer thought that the Proto-Indo-European language split first into centum and satem branches from which all the centum and all the satem languages, respectively, would have derived.
Such a division is made particularly unlikely by the discovery that while the satem group lies generally to the east and the centum group to the west, the most eastward of the known IE language branches, Tocharian, is centum.[2] (…)
O tym tzw. miękkim *ḱ/K‚ pisałem już też nie raz, ale tym razem nie będę się nad nim pastwił… 🙂
Inne tytuły tego wpisu:
236 Peys, Piasta, Pieścić, Pizda, Pięść, Pięć, Piędź, Pięta, Pętać i inne dowody na pierwotną oboczność Pra-Słowiańskich rdzeni 31
236 Wtórnie ubezdźwięcznione liczebniki indogermańskie i ich wysokoenergetyczne PieRwotne PRa-Słowiańskie rdzenie, PieR+WS”y, PRW, PR 43
….
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/b%CA%B0er%C7%B5%CA%B0-
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerǵʰ–
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*bʰerǵʰ- (perfective)[1][2][3]
Derived terms
- *bʰérǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)[4]
- *bʰérǵʰ-t ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ént (root aorist)[4][5]
- *bʰebʰórǵʰe ~ *bʰebʰr̥ǵʰḗr (perfect)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa
- Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa
- Sanskrit: बबृहाण (babṛhāṇá, “to be elevated”) (< *bʰebʰr̥ǵʰ-m̥h₁n-ós (med.part.))
- Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa
- *bʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)[5]
- Anatolian: [Term?]
- Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)
- Anatolian: [Term?]
- *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti (causative)[6]
- Celtic: *bargīti
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰáyati
- Indo-Aryan: *barźʰáyati
- Sanskrit: बर्हयति (barháyati, “to invigorate”)
- Iranian: *barjáyati
- Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬠 (usbarəzaiieni, caus.pres.subj.)
- Indo-Aryan: *barźʰáyati
- *bʰr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (innovative nasal-present)
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: բառնամ (baṙnam)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti
- Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti
- Sanskrit: बृंहति (bṛṃháti)
- Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti
- Armenian:
- *bʰr̥ǵʰu-r-
- *bʰérǵʰ-ont-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥t-és[8]
- *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (s-stem)[9][10]
- *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éh₂[8]
- *bʰérǵʰ-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-mén-s[6]
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰma
- *bʰérǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n-és
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰnás
- *bʰérǵʰ-o-s[1][8]
- *bʰérǵʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téy-s
- *bʰérǵʰ-tu ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téw-s (?)
- Celtic: *brixtu
- *bʰérǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éws[5][1][8]
- Anatolian: [Term?]
- Hittite: 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (pár-ku-uš /parkuš/)
- Anatolian: [Term?]
- *bʰr̥ǵʰu-ró-s[14]
References
- ↑ Jump up to:1.0 1.1 1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhereg̑h-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 140-141
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰerg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 78-79
- ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*bʰerg̑ʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon[Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 30-34
- ↑ Jump up to:4.0 4.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pärk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 399
- ↑ Jump up to:5.0 5.1 5.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “parkii̯e/a-ᶻⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 736-737
- ↑ Jump up to:6.0 6.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*barz”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 12-13
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*barj-u”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 171
- ↑ Jump up to:8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burg-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
- ↑ Jump up to:9.0 9.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burg-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
- ↑ Jump up to:10.0 10.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brig-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 77
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brigo/ā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 77-78
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “*bȇrgъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fortis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 236
- ↑ Jump up to:14.0 14.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pärkäre*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged(Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 399
…..
Najpierw zwrócę uwagę na postacie rzekomo najstarsze, czyli anatolijskie.
Dziwnie, ale jakoś tam nie widać żadnego najmniejszego nawet śladu po dźwiękach zapisywanych znakiem h/H,.. czy innym tzw. laryngałem,.. a powinno… Jest to przecież podstawa całego ofitzjalnego jęsykosnaftzfa! Tu do porównania podstawy tzw. teorii laryngalnej:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_theory
https://docplayer.org/62836745-Fredrik-otto-lindeman-introduction-to-the-laryngeal-theory.html
https://b-ok.cc/book/2649644/5fd8b0
Ani tego h/H, ani tzw. larygnałów nie widać, ale widać za to zniekształcenia podobne jak w j. tocharskim, (który taki tzw. centum to wcale nie jest).
I w j. hetyckim i w j. tocharskim rzekomy pierwotny dźwięk tzw. PIE zapisywany znakiem B, przeszedł w dźwięk zapisywany znakiem P, a dźwięk zapisywany znakiem G, przeszedł w dźwięk zapisywany znakiem K, patrz:
- Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)[4]
- Hittite: 𒈦𒀝𒋫 (pár-ak-ta-ru /parktaru/, 3sg.imp.med.)
- Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)
- Hittite: 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (pár-ku-uš /parkuš/)
Widać tez wtórne zniekształcenia, patrz PIE e/o > późniejsze a?!! Czyżby świadczyło to o jakimś odległym, ale jednak pokrewieństwie językowym, hm?
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%88%A6%F0%92%86%AA%F0%92%8D%91#Hittite
𒈦𒆪𒍑
Hittite
Adjective
𒈦𒆪𒍑 • (pár-ku-uš)
Inflection
Broad transcription | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
noun class | ||||
Singular | Plural | |||
common | neuter | common | neuter | |
nominative | parkuš | parku | parkweš | parku |
accusative | parkun | parku | parkamuš | parku |
genitive | parkawaš | parkawaš | parkawaš | parkawaš |
dative–locative | parkawi, parkawe | parkawi, parkawe | parkawaš | parkawaš |
allative | parkawa | parkawa | – | – |
ablative | parkawaz(a) | parkawaz(a) | parkawaz(a) | parkawaz(a) |
instrumental | parkawit | parkawit | parkawit | parkawit |
Cuneiform | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
noun class | ||||
Singular | Plural | |||
common | neuter | common | neuter | |
nominative | 𒈦𒆪𒍑 | 𒈦𒆪 | 𒈦𒅗𒌑𒌍 | 𒈦𒆪 |
pár-ku-uš | pár-ku | pár-ka-ú-eš | pár-ku | |
accusative | 𒈦𒆪𒌦 | 𒈦𒆪 | 𒈦𒅗𒈬𒍑 | 𒈦𒆪 |
pár-ku-un | pár-ku | pár-ka-mu-uš | pár-ku | |
genitive | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒀸 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒀸 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒀸 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒀸 |
pár-ka-wa-aš | pár-ka-wa-aš | pár-ka-wa-aš | pár-ka-wa-aš | |
dative–locative | 𒈦𒅗𒌑𒄿, 𒈦𒅗𒌑𒂊 | 𒈦𒅗𒌑𒄿, 𒈦𒅗𒌑𒂊 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒀸 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒀸 |
pár-ka-ú-i, pár-ka-ú-e | pár-ka-ú-i, pár-ka-ú-e | pár-ka-wa-aš | pár-ka-wa-aš | |
allative | 𒈦𒅗𒉿 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿 | – | – |
pár-ka-wa | pár-ka-wa | |||
ablative | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒊍, 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒍝 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒊍, 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒍝 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒊍, 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒍝 | 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒊍, 𒈦𒅗𒉿𒍝 |
pár-ka-wa-az, pár-ka-wa-za | pár-ka-wa-az, pár-ka-wa-za | pár-ka-wa-az, pár-ka-wa-za | pár-ka-wa-az, pár-ka-wa-za | |
instrumental | 𒈦𒆪𒀉 | 𒈦𒆪𒀉 | 𒈦𒆪𒀉 | 𒈦𒆪𒀉 |
pár-ku-it | pár-ku-it | pár-ku-it | pár-ku-it |
…..
A teraz dla przeciwwagi ofitzjalnie późniejsze postacie sanskryckie, które jako jedyne z powyższych postaci tzw. atestowanych, posiadają dźwięk zapisywany znakiem h/H.
Dziwne jest np. to, że postacie awestyjskie, czyli także tzw. indo-irańskie i jakoś tego dźwięku zapisywanego znakiem h/H nie posiadają… i w przeciwieństwie do sanskrytu, jednak przeszły rzekomą palatalizację, czy inną asybilację… i zachowały się, jak ofitzjalnie powinny… 🙂
Czyżby to zniekształcone sanskryckie h/H, było śladem po wcześniejszym podkładzie językowym z języka drawidyjskiego, który dokonał tych wtórnych zniekształceń, hm?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrata_in_the_Vedic_language
Czy przypadkiem dźwięk w sanskrycie zapisywany znakiem h/H, nie jest tak samo wtórnie zniekształconym pierwotnym dźwiękiem zapisywanym znakiem G,.. jak to ma miejsce w postaciach z j. czeskiego i słowackiego, o czym pisałem już wielokrotnie w poprzednich wpisach?!!
…..
बर्हयति
Sanskrit
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *barźʰáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *barȷ́ʰáyati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, from *bʰerǵʰ– (“to rise”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭 (bərəzaṇt̰), Latin fortis, Old English burg (whence English borough).
Pronunciation
Verb
बर्हयति • (barháyati) (causative of √bṛh)
- to cause to tear, pluck, root up
- to invigorate
UWAGA!
Awestyjska postać, jak np. bərəzaṇt̰ zachowała pierwotny dźwięk zapisywany znakiem e!!! Dziwne, ale poniższe postacie sanskryckie i inne tego nie zrobiły! Dlaczego?!!
…..
ब्रह्मन्
Sanskrit
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *bʰŕ̥źʰma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰma, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“to become high, rise, elevate”). Literally “growth”, “expansion”, “creation”, “development”, “swelling of the spirit or soul”. Cognate with Latin fortis. The Sanskrit root is बृह् (bṛh, “to increase, grow, expand”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above.
An older etymology presented the word as an exact cognate of Latin flāmen (“priest”), however this is commonly considered spurious by modern authors.
Pronunciation
Proper noun
ब्रह्मन् • (bráhman) m
- Brahma or the one impersonal universal Spirit manifested as a personal Creator and as the first of the triad of personal gods.
Noun
ब्रह्मन् • (bráhman) n
- pious effusion or utterance, outpouring of the heart in worshipping the gods, prayer
- the sacred word (as opp. to वाच् (vāc), the word of man), the Veda, a sacred text, a text or mantra used as a spell
- the Brahmana portion of the Veda
- the sacred syllable om
Descendants
- Tamil: பிரமன் (piramaṉ)
See also
- ब्राह्मण (brā́hmaṇa)
UWAGA!
Pierwotny rdzeń tzw. PIE zapisywany jako BRG, został wtórnie ubezdźwięczniony w sanskrycie do BRH..!
To rzekomo pierwotne *ǵʰ, także i w sanskrycie wcale nie przekształciło się do postaci tzw. satem, patrz wymagany ofitzjalnie dźwięk zapisywany znakiem Z, Z’, Z”,.. ale wtórne ubezdźwięczniło się do postaci zapisywanej znakiem h/H..!
Proszę o tym pamiętać na przyszłość, ponieważ będę do tego jeszcze powracał…
…..
https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brahman
Brahman (język polski)
- znaczenia:
rzeczownik, rodzaj męskoosobowy
- (1.1) rel. filoz. w filozofii indyjskiej i hinduizmie transcendentny, wieczny aspekt Absolutu, bezosobowa najwyższa niedwoista istność, pierwotne źródło i ostateczny cel wszystkich istnień[1], nie będący obiektem kultu religijnego, lecz medytacji i wiedzy[2]
- źródła:
- ↑ Słowniczek sanskrytu
- ↑ Sir Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English dictionary etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898, str. 737 i str. 738
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brahman#English
Brahman
English
Alternative forms
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit ब्रह्मन् (bráhman). Doublet of flamen.
Noun
Brahman (plural Brahmans)
Alternative forms
- Brachman (obsolete)
Proper noun
Brahman
- (Hinduism) A concept of Hinduism. Brahman is the unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality which is the Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, being, and everything beyond in this Universe. The nature of Brahman is described as transpersonal, personal and impersonal by different philosophical schools.
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Anagrams
…..
https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brahma
Brahma (język polski)
- znaczenia:
rzeczownik, rodzaj męskoosobowy, nazwa własna
- (1.1) rel. mit. w hinduizmie najwyżej wyniesiona pobożna żywa istota, która wraz z Wisznu i Śiwą tworzy Trójcę; zob. też Brahma w Wikipedii
- odmiana:
- (1.1)
przypadek liczba pojedyncza mianownik Brahma dopełniacz Brahmy celownik Brahmie biernik Brahmę narzędnik Brahmą miejscownik Brahmie wołacz Brahmo
- przykłady:
- (1.1) Brahma jest najczęściej przedstawiany z czterema głowami.
- uwagi:
- (1.1) nie myl z: Brahman
- tłumaczenia:
- angielski: (1.1) Brahma
- asamski: (1.1) ব্ৰহ্মা
- hindi: (1.1) ब्रह्मा m
- khmerski: (1.1) ព្រះព្រហ្ម
- sanskryt: (1.1) ख
- słowacki: (1.1) Brahma m
- tajski: (1.1) พระพรหม
- tamilski: (1.1) பிரம்மா
- tybetański: (1.1) ཚངས་པ
- źródła:
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brahma
Brahma
English
Etymology
From Sanskrit ब्रह्मन् (bráhman).
Pronunciation
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈbɹɑmə/
Proper noun
Brahma
- (Hinduism) Hindu god (deva) of creation and one of the Trimurti, the others being Vishnu and Shiva.
- (Hinduism) Alternative form of Brahman
Alternative forms
- Brama (archaic)
Noun
Brahma (plural Brahmas)
- A large domestic fowl from the Brahmaputra region of India.
- A breed of Indian cattle, Bos indicus.
Anagrams
…..
A teraz do porównania to rzekomo powiązane łacińskie słowo…
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flamen#Latin
flamen
English
Pronunciation
Noun
flamen (plural flamens or flamines)
- A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis.
Derived terms
Latin
Etymology 1
Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag- (“to hit, strike, beat”).[1] Other etymologies point to *bhleh₂- (no meaning given), or *bhlg- (“to shine, burn”).[2] Traditionally asserted relationships to Sanskrit ब्रह्मन् (bráhman), Old Norse blót via conjectured *bʰlag-, *bʰlād- present difficulties.
Pronunciation
Noun
flāmen m (genitive flāminis); third declension
Declension
Third-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | flāmen | flāminēs |
Genitive | flāminis | flāminum |
Dative | flāminī | flāminibus |
Accusative | flāminem | flāminēs |
Ablative | flāmine | flāminibus |
Vocative | flāmen | flāminēs |
Derived terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
From flō (“I breathe, blow”) + -men (noun-forming suffix).
Noun
flāmen n (genitive flāminis); third declension
Declension
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | flāmen | flāmina |
Genitive | flāminis | flāminum |
Dative | flāminī | flāminibus |
Accusative | flāmen | flāmina |
Ablative | flāmine | flāminibus |
Vocative | flāmen | flāmina |
Further reading
- flamen in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- flamen in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- flamen in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- flamen in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- flamen in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
References
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Michiel de Vaan (ed.): Etymological Dictionary of Latin. Ph. D. 2002. Brill, Leiden 2008, s. v. “flāmen”, first published online October 2010.
UWAGA!
Oto logiczne przejście dźwięków powyższych słów: BRaH+MaN > BRaG+MaN > FRaG+MaN > FLaG+MaN =/= FLa(G)MeN
Przejście dźwięków L>R jest logiczne, ale jak widać dźwięk zapisywany znakiem, czy to H, czy to G zawadza tu. Ja stawiam na zwykły B+L”ySK, B+L”ySKa+WiCa, B+L”yS”C”+eC’, itp., ale bardziej pasuje Mię tu raczej P+L”oM/N+ieN’ lub PL”o+M/N+ieN’… powiązane np. ze spalaniem ofiar…
…..
Teraz czas na oboczne i dziwnie zniekształcone postacie słów z j. italo-celtyckich. Najpierw co nieco z rzekomego tzw. Proto-Celtic, a potem postacie łacińskie,.. które jakoś dziwnie z tymi postaciami z tzw. Proto-Celtic nie mają za wiele wspólnego,.. a na logikę jednak powinny… Dla świętego spokoju rzekome postacie z tzw. Proto-Italic nie zostały odtfoszone… Mallory w 2012 twierdził, że tzw. Proto-Italo-Celtic to bzdura…
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/brig%C4%81
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/brigā
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Frrom Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰeh₂, zero-grade form of *bʰerǵʰ– (“high”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *forktis (“strong, robust”)[1] (compare Latin fortis), Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰrȷ́ʰánts (“high, tall, mighty”), Old Armenian բարձր (barjr, “high, great”). Related to Proto-Celtic *brixs (“hill”).
Noun
*brigā f
Declension
Feminine ā-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *brigā | *brigai | *brigās |
vocative | *brigā | *brigai | *brigās |
accusative | *brigam | *brigai | *brigāms |
genitive | *brigās | *brigous | *brigom |
dative | *brigai | *brigābom | *brigābos |
instrumental | *? | *brigābim | *brigābis |
Descendants
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 236
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “brigo-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 3rd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 88
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/brixs
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/brixs
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰs, from *bʰerǵʰ– (“high”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *burgz.
Noun
*brixs f
Declension
Masculine/feminine consonant stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *brixs | *brige | *briges |
vocative | *brixs | *brige | *briges |
accusative | *brigam | *brige | *brigams |
genitive | *brigos | *brigou | *brigom |
dative | *brigē | *brigobom | *brigobos |
instrumental | *brige? | *brigobim | *brigobis |
Derived terms
Descendants
- Brythonic: *breɣ
- Old Irish: brí
- Gaulish: *brignā, -brigā (in toponyms)
- Hispano-Celtic: -bris (“hill-fort”) (in toponyms)
- → Galician: -bre (in toponyms)
…..
A teraz podwójnie zniekształcone postacie łacińskie…
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fortis#Latin
fortis
Latin
Etymology 1
From Old Latin forctis, fortis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“to rise, high, hill”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭 (bərəzaṇt̰), Sanskrit बर्हयति (barhayati, “to invigorate”) and Old English burg (English borough).
Pronunciation
Adjective
fortis (neuter forte, comparative fortior, superlative fortissimus, adverb fortiter); third-declension two-termination adjective
- strong (physically powerful)
- (figuratively) courageous, brave, steadfast
Declension
Third-declension two-termination adjective.
Number | Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case / Gender | Masc./Fem. | Neuter | Masc./Fem. | Neuter | |
Nominative | fortis | forte | fortēs | fortia | |
Genitive | fortis | fortium | |||
Dative | fortī | fortibus | |||
Accusative | fortem | forte | fortēs fortīs |
fortia | |
Ablative | fortī | fortibus | |||
Vocative | fortis | forte | fortēs | fortia |
Derived terms
Borrowed terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
From fors.
Noun
fortis
References
- fortis in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- fortis in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- fortis in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
- fortis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.4 phrases
Old Latin
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“to rise, high, hill”).
Adjective
fortis
Declension
This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Latin: fortis
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=forctis&action=edit&redlink=1
Wiktionary does not yet have an entry for forctis.
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Latin/fortia
Reconstruction:Latin/fortia
Latin
Etymology
Formed from fortia, the neuter plural of fortis, reinterpreted as a feminine singular. Alternatively, it may be seen as equivalent to fortis + -ia.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈfor.ti.a/, [ˈfɔr.t̪i.a]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈfor.t͡si.a/, [ˈfɔr.t͡si.a]
- (Vulgar) IPA(key): /ˈfɔr.ti.a/, [ˈfɔr.tʲ.a]
Noun
*fortia f (genitive *fortiae); first declension
Declension
First declension.
Italo-Western declension of *fortia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Singular | Plural | ||
nominative | *fǫ́rtia | *fǫ́rtẹę | ||
genitive | *fǫ́rtẹę | *fǫrtiárọ | ||
dative | *fǫ́rtẹę | *fǫ́rtẹis | ||
accusative–ablative | *fǫ́rtiã | *fǫ́rtias |
Eastern declension of *fortia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Singular | Plural | ||
nominative | *fǫ́rtia | *fǫ́rtẹę | ||
genitive | *fǫ́rtẹę | *fǫrtiáru | ||
dative | *fǫ́rtẹę | *fǫ́rtẹis | ||
accusative–ablative | *fǫ́rtiã | *fǫ́rtias |
Descendants
- Asturian: fuerza
- Friulian: fuarce
- Istriot: forza
- Italian: forza
- Ladin: forza
- Neapolitan: fuorza
- Old French: force, forche, fors
- Old Portuguese: força
- Old Occitan: forsa, forssa
- Romanian: forță (borrowing)
- Romansch: forza
- Sicilian: forza
- Spanish: fuerza
- Venetian: forsa
References
- Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010) Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction, University of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, page 25
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/force
force
English
Pronunciation
- (General American) enPR: fôrs, IPA(key): /fɔɹs/
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /fɔːs/
- (rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) enPR: fōrs, IPA(key): /fo(ː)ɹs/
- (non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA(key): /foəs/
- Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)s
Etymology 1
From Middle English force, fors, forse, borrowed from Old French force, from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin *fortia, from neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”).
Noun
force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)
- Strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigour; might; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect.
-
the force of an appeal, an argument, or a contract
-
- Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion.
- (countable) Anything that is able to make a substantial change in a person or thing.
- (countable, physics) A physical quantity that denotes ability to push, pull, twist or accelerate a body and which has a direction and is measured in a unit dimensioned in mass × distance/time² (ML/T²): SI: newton (N); CGS: dyne (dyn)
- Something or anything that has the power to produce a physical effect upon something else, such as causing it to move or change shape.
- (countable) A group that aims to attack, control, or constrain.
- (uncountable) The ability to attack, control, or constrain.
- (countable) A magic trick in which the outcome is known to the magician beforehand, especially one involving the apparent free choice of a card by another person.
- (law) Legal validity.
-
The law will come into force in January.
-
- (law) Either unlawful violence, as in a „forced entry„, or lawful compulsion.
- (linguistics, semantics, pragmatics) Ability of an utterance or its element (word, form, prosody, …) to effect a given meaning.
- (with the, often capitalized, humorous or science fiction) A binding, metaphysical and ubiquitous power from the fictional Star Wars universe created by George Lucas. See usage note. [1977]
- Synonym of police force (“typically with preceding „the””)
Usage notes
- Adjectives often applied to „force”: military, cultural, economic, gravitational, electric, magnetic, strong, weak, positive, negative, attractive, repulsive, good, evil, dark, physical, muscular, spiritual, intellectual, mental, emotional, rotational, tremendous, huge.
- (science fiction): Outside of fiction the force may typically be used as a replacement where terms such as luck, destiny or God might be implied. For example, the force was with him instead of luck was on his side, or may the force be with you instead of may God be with you.
Hyponyms
Derived terms
Related terms
References
force on Wikipedia.
Verb
force (third-person singular simple present forces, present participle forcing, simple past and past participle forced)
- (transitive) To violate (a woman); to rape. [from 14thc.]
- (obsolete, reflexive, intransitive) To exert oneself, to do one’s utmost. [from 14thc.]
- (transitive) To compel (someone or something) to do something. [from 15thc.]
- (transitive) To constrain by force; to overcome the limitations or resistance of. [from 16thc.]
- (transitive) To drive (something) by force, to propel (generally + prepositional phrase or adverb). [from 16thc.]
- (transitive) To cause to occur (despite inertia, resistance etc.); to produce through force. [from 16thc.]
-
The comedian’s jokes weren’t funny, but I forced a laugh now and then.
-
- (transitive) To forcibly open (a door, lock etc.). [from 17thc.]
-
To force a lock.
-
- To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress.
- (transitive, baseball) To create an out by touching a base in advance of a runner who has no base to return to while in possession of a ball which has already touched the ground.
-
Jones forced the runner at second by stepping on the bag.
-
- (whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit that he/she does not hold.
- (archaic) To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce.
- (archaic) To provide with forces; to reinforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison.
- (obsolete) To allow the force of; to value; to care for.
Derived terms
See also
- Imperial unit: foot pound
- metric unit: newton
- coerce: To control by force.
Etymology 2
From Old Norse fors (“waterfall”). Cognate with Swedish fors (“waterfall”)
Noun
force (plural forces)
- (countable, Northern England) A waterfall or cascade.
Etymology 3
From Middle English forcen, forsen, a use of force, with confusion of farce (“to stuff”).
Verb
force (third-person singular simple present forces, present participle forcing, simple past and past participle forced)
- To stuff; to lard; to farce.
Derived terms
Further reading
- force at OneLook Dictionary Search
- force in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
- force in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911
Anagrams
…..
Forteca, Fortyfikacja, Forsa, Farsa, itp.,.. to bardziej Przeć / PR”e+C’, czy Brać / BRa+C’? 🙂 Zajmę się tym niebawem.
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fors#Etymology_1
fors
Latin
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis (“the act of carrying”) (compare Old Irish brith, German Geburt, English bear, burden, Russian бремя (bremja) („burden”), брать (bratʹ) („to take”), Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “carrying”)), derivative of *bʰer-, whence also Latin ferō (“bring, carry”).
Noun
fors f (genitive fortis); third declension
Declension
Third-declension noun (i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | fors | fortēs |
Genitive | fortis | fortium |
Dative | fortī | fortibus |
Accusative | fortem | fortēs fortīs |
Ablative | forte | fortibus |
Vocative | fors | fortēs |
Related terms
Etymology 2
From contraction of fors sit (“it might happen”)
Alternative forms
Adverb
fors (not comparable)
References
- fors in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- fors in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- fors in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- fors in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
- fors in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.3 phrases
- fors in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
…..
A teraz postacie fielko-germańskie…
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bergaz
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bergaz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“high, elevated”).
Pronunciation
Noun
*bergaz m
Inflection
Declension of *bergaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *bergaz | *bergōz, *bergōs | |
vocative | *berg | *bergōz, *bergōs | |
accusative | *bergą | *berganz | |
genitive | *bergas, *birgis | *bergǫ̂ | |
dative | *birgai | *bergamaz | |
instrumental | *bergō | *bergamiz |
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- West Germanic: *berg
- Old Norse: berg, bjarg
- Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*bairgs) (attested in compounds), 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (bairgahei)
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/berg#English
berg
English
Pronunciation
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɜːɡ/
- (General American) IPA(key): /bɝɡ/
- Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)ɡ
Etymology 1
Clipping of iceberg.
Noun
berg (plural bergs)
- An iceberg.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Afrikaans berg. Doublet of barrow.
Noun
berg (plural bergs)
- (chiefly South Africa) mountain
Related terms
Anagrams
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barrow#English
barrow
English
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /ˈbæɹ.əʊ/
- (US) enPR: bărʹō, IPA(key): /ˈbæɹoʊ/
- (Mary–marry–merry distinction)
- (Mary–marry–merry merger)
- Rhymes: -ærəʊ
Etymology 1
From Middle English berwe, bergh, from Old English beorg (“mountain, hill, mound, barrow, burial place”), from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“high; height”). Cognate with Scots burrow (“mound, tumulus, barrow”), Saterland Frisian Bäirch, Bierich (“mountain”), West Frisian berch (“mountain”), Dutch berg (“mountain”), Low German Barg (“mountain”), German Berg (“mountain”), Danish bjerg (“mountain”), Swedish berg (“mountain”), Norwegian Bokmål berg (“rock, mountain, hillock, rock bottom”), Icelandic berg (“mountain”), bjarg (“rock”), Polish brzeg (“bank, shore”), Russian бе́рег (béreg, “bank, shore, land”).
Noun
barrow (plural barrows)
- (obsolete) A mountain.
- (chiefly Britain) A hill.
- A mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.
- Synonym: tumulus
- (mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, or other such refuse.
Etymology 2
From Middle English barowe, barwe, barewe, from Old English bearwe (“basket, handbarrow”), from Proto-Germanic *barwǭ, *barwijǭ (“stretcher, bier”) (compare Low German Berwe, Old Norse barar (plural), Middle High German radebere (“wheelbarrow”)), from *beraną (“to bear”). More at bear.
Noun
barrow (plural barrows)
- (Britain) A small vehicle used to carry a load and pulled or pushed by hand.
- (saltworks) A wicker case in which salt is put to drain.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Old English bearg.
Noun
barrow (plural barrows)
Etymology 4
Old English beorgan (“to protect”)
Noun
barrow (plural barrows)
- A long sleeveless flannel garment for infants.
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/berry#English
berry
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbɛɹi/
- enPR: bĕ’ri
- Rhymes: -ɛri
- Homophones: bury, Barry (in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger)
(…)
Etymology 2
From Middle English berȝe, berghe, from Old English beorġe, dative form of beorg (“mountain, hill, mound, barrow”), from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain, hill”). More at barrow.
Alternative forms
Noun
berry (plural berries)
Etymology 3
From Middle English bery (“a burrow”). More at burrow.
Noun
berry (plural berries)
- (dialectal) A burrow, especially a rabbit’s burrow.
- An excavation; a military mine.
Etymology 4
From Middle English beryen, berien, from Old English *berian (found only in past participle ġebered (“crushed, kneaded, harassed, oppressed, vexed”)), from Proto-Germanic *barjaną (“to beat, hit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to rip, cut, split, grate”). Cognate with Scots berry, barry (“to thresh, thrash”), German beren (“to beat, knead”), Icelandic berja (“to beat”), Latin feriō (“strike, hit”, verb).
Verb
berry (third-person singular simple present berries, present participle berrying, simple past and past participle berried)
- (transitive) To beat; give a beating to; thrash.
- (transitive) To thresh (grain).
Anagrams
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgz
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“high”). Cognate with Old Armenian բուրգն (burgn, “tower”), Proto-Celtic *brixs.
Pronunciation
Noun
*burgz f
Inflection
Declension of *burgz (consonant stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *burgz | *burgiz | |
vocative | *burg | *burgiz | |
accusative | *burgų | *burgunz | |
genitive | *burgiz | *burgǫ̂ | |
dative | *burgi | *burgumaz | |
instrumental | *burgē | *burgumiz |
Related terms
Descendants
- West Germanic: *burg
- Old Norse: borg
- Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)
- Albanian: burg
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Burg#German
Burg
German
Etymology
From Old High German burg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰ-s, a form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ– (“fortified elevation”). Compare Dutch burcht, English borough, ‑bury, Danish borg.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bʊʁk/, [bʊʁk], [bʊɐ̯k] (standard)
- IPA(key): /bʊɐ̯ç/ (northern and central Germany; chiefly colloquial)
Noun
Burg f (genitive Burg, plural Burgen or Bürge)
Usage notes
The plural form Bürge is archaic and completely out of usage.
Related terms
See also
- Schloss n
Further reading
- Burg in Duden online
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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/borough#English
borough
English
Alternative forms
- boro (some US speakers)
Etymology
From Middle English borwe, borgh, burgh, buruh, from Old English burh, from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold, city”). Cognate with Dutch burcht, German Burg, Swedish borg, French bourg.
Pronunciation
Noun
borough (plural boroughs)
- (obsolete) A fortified town.
- (rare) A town or city.
- A town having a municipal corporation and certain traditional rights.
- An administrative district in some cities, e.g., London.
- An administrative unit of a city which, under most circumstances according to state or national law, would be considered a larger or more powerful entity; most commonly used in American English to define the five counties that make up New York City.
- Other similar administrative units in cities and states in various parts of the world.
- A district in Alaska having powers similar to a county.
- (historical, Britain, law) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behaviour of each other.
- (historical, Britain, law) The pledge or surety thus given.
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Blackstone to this entry?)
- (Can we find and add a quotation of Tomlins to this entry?)
Derived terms
Related terms
References
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for borough in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)
…..
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bury#English
bury
English
Pronunciation
- (UK, US) enPR: bĕ’-ri, IPA(key): /ˈbɛ.ɹi/, /ˈbɜ.ɹi/
- Rhymes: -ɛri Rhymes: -ɛɹi
- Homophone: berry
- (Scotland) IPA(key): /ˈbʌ.ɹi/ (also used by some outside Scotland)
- (Middlesbrough) IPA(key): /ˈbʊ.ɹi/
Etymology 1
Middle English burien, berien, from Old English byrġan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to keep safe”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ– (“to defend, protect”).
Cognate with Icelandic byrgja (“to cover, shut; to hold in”); West Frisian bergje (“to keep”), German bergen (“to save/rescue something”); also Albanian mburojë (“shield”), Eastern Lithuanian bir̃ginti (“to save, spare”), Russian бере́чь (beréčʹ, “to spare”), Ossetian ӕмбӕрзын (æmbærzyn, “to cover”).
The spelling with ⟨u⟩ represents the pronunciation of the West Midland and Southern dialects while the Modern English pronunciation with /ɛ/ is from the Kentish dialects.[1]. Doublet of bergh
Verb
bury (third-person singular simple present buries, present participle burying, simple past and past participle buried)
- (transitive) To ritualistically inter in a grave or tomb.
- (transitive) To place in the ground.
-
bury a bone; bury the embers
-
- (transitive, often figuratively) To hide or conceal as if by covering with earth or another substance.
-
she buried her face in the pillow; they buried us in paperwork
-
- (transitive, figuratively) To suppress and hide away in one’s mind.
-
secrets kept buried; she buried her shame and put on a smiling face.
-
- (transitive, figuratively) To put an end to; to abandon.
-
They buried their argument and shook hands.
-
- (transitive, figuratively) To score a goal.
- (transitive, figuratively, slang) To kill or murder.
- To render imperceptible by other, more prominent stimuli; drown out.
Derived terms
Related terms
Noun
bury (plural buries)
References
- ^ Upward, Christopher & George Davidson. 2011. The History of English Spelling. Wiley-Blackwell.
- ^ “bury” in John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors, The Compact Oxford English Dictionary, volume I (A–O), 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, [1989] 1991, →ISBN, page 190/687.
Etymology 2
See borough.
Noun
bury (plural buries)
Anagrams
Polish
Etymology
Pronunciation
Adjective
bury
Declension
Related terms
Noun
bury m anim
- (regional) bear (ursid)
References
Further reading
- bury in Polish dictionaries at PWN
…..
Bury / Bo’Ry
https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/bury
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/burrus#Latin
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek
πυρρός
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- πυρσός (pursós)
Etymology
From πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + -ρός (-rós).
Pronunciation
Adjective
πῠρρός • (purrhós) m (feminine πῠρρᾱ́, neuter πῠρρόν); first/second declension
Descendants
- → Latin: burrus
(…)
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek
πυρσός
Ancient Greek
Etymology 1
From πῦρ (pûr, “fire”)
Pronunciation
Noun
πῠρσός • (pursós) m (genitive πῠρσοῦ); second declension
Inflection
Derived terms
- πυρσεία (purseía)
- πυρσευτήρ (purseutḗr)
- πυρσευτής (purseutḗs)
- πυρσεύω (purseúō)
- πυρσοβόλος (pursobólos)
- πυρσογενής (pursogenḗs)
- πυρσοδυνάστης (pursodunástēs)
- πυρσοέλικτος (pursoéliktos)
- πυρσοτόκος (pursotókos)
- πυρσοφόρος (pursophóros)
- πυρσώδης (pursṓdēs)
- πυρσωπός (pursōpós)
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Adjective
πῠρσός • (pursós) m (feminine πῠρσή, neuter πῠρσόν); first/second declension
- Alternative form of πυρρός (purr
hós)
(…)
UWAGA!
Widać to tzw. rough breathing, wtórne ubezdźwięcznienie S>H,.. tyle tylko, że ten dźwięk zapisany znakiem H tak naprawdę nie istnieje tam, gdzie go sobie jakoś napisano, patrz:
πῠρρός • (purrhós)
From πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + -ρός (-rós).
IPA(key): /pyr̥.r̥ós/ → /pyrˈros/ → /piˈros/
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%E1%BF%A6%CF%81#Ancient_Greek
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/p%C3%A9h%E2%82%82wr%CC%A5
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pyr%D1%8C
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perz#Polish
https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/perz
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perzyna#Polish
Tyle tylko, że wg Mię to Bury / Bo’Ry, to nic innego, jak: Parzyć / PaR”/Z”+yC’, Pożar / Po+R”/Z”aR, itp. Tym rzekomym Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ– (“to defend, protect”), zajmę się za 2 wpisy, ale i tak więcej masakrujących ciekawostek nastąpi w części następnej. 🙂
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